The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America,Volumes 1-4

The course of daily life in the United States has been a product of tradition, environment, and circumstance. How did the Civil War alter the lives of women, both white and black, left alone on southern farms? How did the Great Depression change the lives of working class families in eastern cities? How did the discovery of gold in California transform the lives of native American, Hispanic, and white communities in western territories? Organized by time period as spelled out in the National Standards for U.S. History, these four volumes effectively analyze the diverse whole of American experience, examining the domestic, economic, intellectual, material, political, recreational, and religious life of the American people between 1763 and 2005. Working under the editorial direction of general editor Randall M. Miller, professor of history at St. Joseph's University, a group of expert volume editors carefully integrate material drawn from volumes in Greenwood's highly successful Daily Life Through History series with new material researched and written by themselves and other scholars. The four volumes cover the following periods: The War of Independence and Antebellum Expansion and Reform, 1763-1861, The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Industrialization of America, 1861-1900, The Emergence of Modern America, World War I, and the Great Depression, 1900-1940 and Wartime, Postwar, and Contemporary America, 1940-Present. Each volume includes a selection of primary documents, a timeline of important events during the period, images illustrating the text, and extensive bibliography of further information resources—both print and electronic—and a detailed subject index. Volume 1......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Volume Editor's Preface......Page 20 Chronology, 1754–1789......Page 22 Overview......Page 26 Domestic Life......Page 50 Material Life......Page 64 Intellectual Life......Page 80 Religious Life......Page 86 Economic Life......Page 89 Political Life......Page 111 Military Life: The Makeup of the American Army......Page 120 Military Life: The Revolution on the Homefront......Page 149 Women......Page 175 Independence and a New Beginning......Page 190 Chronology, 1789–1820......Page 198 Overview......Page 209 Domestic Life......Page 231 Intellectual Life......Page 244 Economic Life......Page 251 Recreational Life......Page 289 Religious Life......Page 312 Social Life......Page 334 Military Life......Page 362 Epilogue......Page 381 Chronology, 1821–1861......Page 388 Overview......Page 392 Domestic Life......Page 412 Intellectual Life......Page 427 Material Life......Page 488 Economic Life......Page 536 Political Life......Page 575 Religious Life......Page 580 Slavery......Page 583 1. Glimpses of Colonial Society and Life at Princeton College (1766)......Page 612 3. A Description of Philadelphia (1814)......Page 613 4. Cruelty to Slaves on a Mississippi Plantation (1819)......Page 615 5. Francis J. Grund on American Homes (1837)......Page 616 6. Francis J. Grund on American Newspapers (1837)......Page 618 7. Harriet Martineau Describes Washington, D.C., in the 1830s......Page 619 8. Harriet Martineau's Description of American Slavery (1830s)......Page 620 9. Charles Dickens on the Mill Girls of Lowell, Massachusetts (1842)......Page 622 10. Frederick Douglass on the Cruelty of Slaveholders and the Suffering of Slaves (1845)......Page 623 11. Sir Charles Lyell Describes a Boston School (1845)......Page 625 12. An American Home (1849)......Page 626 13. An Address to the Legislature of New York, Adopted by the State Women's Rights Convention at Albany (February 1854)......Page 627 14. Frederick Law Olmsted Describes the American South (1856)......Page 628 15. A Steamboat Ride on the Mississippi (1857)......Page 629 Appendix 2: Presidents of the United States—1789–1861......Page 632 Appendix 3: Vice Presidents of the United States—1789–1861......Page 633 Appendix 4: Secretaries of State of the United States—1789–1861......Page 634 Appendix 5: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court—1789–1864......Page 635 Bibliography......Page 636 A......Page 678 B......Page 680 C......Page 682 D......Page 686 E......Page 687 F......Page 689 G......Page 691 H......Page 692 I......Page 694 J......Page 695 L......Page 696 M......Page 698 N......Page 701 O......Page 702 P......Page 703 R......Page 705 S......Page 707 T......Page 711 U......Page 712 W......Page 713 Z......Page 716 Editors......Page 718 Volume 2......Page 722 Contents......Page 724 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users......Page 728 Chronology: 1860–1900......Page 738 A Century of "-isms"......Page 742 Domestic Life......Page 744 A Place in Society......Page 746 Courtship and Marriage......Page 747 Using Census Data......Page 750 Vital Statistics......Page 751 The Fragility of Life......Page 753 The Cost and Standard of Living......Page 755 Family Wealth......Page 756 Farm Unrest......Page 758 Currency Reform......Page 759 Immigration......Page 760 Intellectual Life......Page 761 Summary......Page 765 Overview......Page 770 Domestic Life......Page 773 Economic Life......Page 804 Intellectual Life......Page 823 Material Life......Page 854 Political Life......Page 889 Recreational Life......Page 904 Religious Life......Page 930 Overview......Page 942 Domestic Life......Page 945 Economic Life......Page 966 Intellectual Life......Page 989 Material Life......Page 1006 Political Life......Page 1023 Recreational Life......Page 1038 Religious Life......Page 1063 Overview......Page 1068 Domestic Life......Page 1071 Economic Life......Page 1091 Intellectual Life......Page 1120 Material Life......Page 1139 Political Life......Page 1157 Recreational Life......Page 1177 Religious Life......Page 1195 Overview......Page 1206 Domestic Life......Page 1214 Economic Life......Page 1240 Intellectual Life......Page 1266 Material Life......Page 1286 Political Life......Page 1310 Recreational Life......Page 1328 Religious Life......Page 1362 1. Report of the Discovery of a Subterranean Fountain of Oil (1859)......Page 1376 2. Personal Advice Author Timothy Titcomb on Truth-telling (1861)......Page 1377 4. Lieutenant William J. Hardee's Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics (1862)......Page 1378 5. Remembering the Battle of Gettysburg (1863)......Page 1380 6. An Ohio Schoolmaster's View of the Earliest Period of Reconstruction (1865)......Page 1381 7. Excerpts from Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York by Horatio Alger Jr. (1868)......Page 1383 8. A Farewell to the Buffalo Soldiers from Their Commander (1869)......Page 1384 9. How Beauty Is Spoiled (1870)......Page 1386 10. Making Peace with the Apache Chief Cochise (1872)......Page 1387 11. The Saga of Stone's Landing from The Gilded Age by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) (1873)......Page 1389 12. The Preface to Housekeeping in Old Virginia by Marion Cabell Tyree (1877)......Page 1391 13. Progress and Poverty or the Single Tax (1879)......Page 1392 14. Etiquette for the Table (1880s)......Page 1394 15. Entries from the Diary of Ruth Anna Abrams (1881)......Page 1395 17. From Hand-Sewn to Machine-Sewn (1867–1899)......Page 1396 18. Daniel Carter Beard's Advice to American Boys (1882)......Page 1397 19. Lina and Adelia Beard on Activities for Girls (1887)......Page 1398 20. The Gospel of Wealth (1889)......Page 1400 21. Christmas Day Menu (1890)......Page 1402 22. The Report on the Marine Guard at the Legations at Peking (Beijing) during the Boxer Rebellion (1900)......Page 1406 23. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (1906)......Page 1409 Appendix 2: Presidents of the United States—1861–1901......Page 1412 Appendix 3: Vice Presidents of the United States—1861–1901......Page 1413 Appendix 5: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court—1861–1901......Page 1414 Selected Bibliography......Page 1416 A......Page 1436 B......Page 1438 C......Page 1440 D......Page 1444 E......Page 1445 F......Page 1447 G......Page 1449 H......Page 1450 I......Page 1452 J......Page 1453 L......Page 1454 M......Page 1456 N......Page 1459 O......Page 1460 P......Page 1461 R......Page 1463 S......Page 1465 T......Page 1469 U......Page 1470 W......Page 1471 Z......Page 1474 Editors......Page 1476 Volume 3......Page 1480 Contents......Page 1484 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users......Page 1488 Volume Editor's Preface......Page 1498 Chronology: 1900–1945......Page 1500 The Progressive Age and Theodore Roosevelt......Page 1524 The Era of Theodore Roosevelt......Page 1527 Woodrow Wilson's Domestic Policy......Page 1529 Overseas Expansion and the Mexican Revolution......Page 1530 World War I......Page 1532 The Roaring Twenties......Page 1542 The Great Depression and the New Deal......Page 1551 The Coming of World War II......Page 1559 Overview......Page 1564 Domestic Life......Page 1566 Economic Life......Page 1580 Intellectual Life......Page 1587 Material Life......Page 1597 Political Life......Page 1609 Recreational Life......Page 1615 Religious Life......Page 1625 Domestic Life......Page 1634 Economic Life......Page 1644 Intellectual Life......Page 1675 Material Life......Page 1687 Political Life......Page 1706 Recreational Life......Page 1711 Religious Life......Page 1723 Overview......Page 1730 Domestic Life......Page 1731 Economic Life......Page 1737 Intellectual Life......Page 1751 Material Life......Page 1763 Political Life......Page 1778 Recreational Life......Page 1784 Religious Life......Page 1790 Overview......Page 1802 Domestic Life......Page 1803 Economic Life......Page 1816 Intellectual Life......Page 1830 Material Life......Page 1840 Political Life......Page 1851 Recreational Life......Page 1860 Religious Life......Page 1868 Overview......Page 1874 Domestic Life......Page 1876 Economic Life......Page 1880 Intellectual Life......Page 1902 Material Life......Page 1905 Political Life......Page 1911 Recreational Life......Page 1916 Religious Life......Page 1917 Overview......Page 1924 Domestic Life......Page 1925 Economic Life......Page 1936 Intellectual Life......Page 1959 Material Life......Page 1965 Political Life......Page 1978 Recreational Life......Page 1985 Religious Life......Page 1991 1. President Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (December 6, 1904)......Page 1996 2. President Theodore Roosevelt's Muckraker Speech—"The Man with the Muck Rake" (April 15, 1906)......Page 2000 3. The New York Sun Describes the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (April 19, 1906)......Page 2005 4. Pure Food and Drug Act (June 30, 1906)......Page 2008 5. Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—"The Income Tax Amendment" (ratified February 3, 1913)......Page 2013 6. President Woodrow Wilson's First Inauguration Address (March 4, 1913)......Page 2014 7. President Woodrow Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality (August 19, 1914)......Page 2017 8. German Warning of Submarine Attacks on British Ships (May 2, 1915)......Page 2018 10. President Woodrow Wilson's War Message to Congress (April 2, 1917)......Page 2019 11. Civil Liberties during World War I—The Espionage Act (June 15, 1917)......Page 2025 12. Conscientious Objection—One Objector's Story......Page 2026 13. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (January 8, 1918)......Page 2027 14. Women's Right to Vote—The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (ratified August 18, 1920)......Page 2032 16. Immigration Act of 1924 (May 26, 1924)......Page 2033 17. Florida Hurricane of 1926 (September 19, 1926)......Page 2038 18. Poverty in the Prosperous 1920s—Case Studies of Unemployed Workers I......Page 2039 19. Poverty in the Prosperous 1920s—Case Studies of Unemployed Workers II......Page 2042 20. Boulder Dam Project—Transcript of the Boulder Canyon Project Act (December 21, 1928)......Page 2044 21. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1933)......Page 2054 22. Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat (March 12, 1933)......Page 2058 23. Another Fireside Chat—Goals of the First New Deal (May 7, 1933)......Page 2062 24. Repeal of Prohibition—The Twenty-First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (ratified December 5, 1933)......Page 2067 25. Ending the All-White Primary—Grovey v. Townsend (April 1, 1935)......Page 2068 26. Insuring the Future—The Social Security Act (August 14, 1935)......Page 2073 27. Young and Out of Work during the Depression—The WPA Writer's Project I......Page 2075 28. The American Middle Class in the Depression—The WPA Writers' Project II......Page 2077 29. Recovery in Washington, D.C.—The WPA Writer's Project III......Page 2082 30. Women in the Depression—The WPA Writer's Project IV......Page 2084 31. President Franklin Roosevelt's "Quarantine the Enemy" Speech (October 5, 1937)......Page 2088 32. Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chat—"The Arsenal of Democracy" (December 29, 1940)......Page 2092 33. President Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms Speech (January 6, 1941)......Page 2099 34. President Franklin Roosevelt's "Day of Infamy" Speech (December 8, 1941)......Page 2105 Appendix 2: Presidents of the United States, 1900–1945......Page 2108 Appendix 3: Vice Presidents of the United States, 1900–1940s......Page 2109 Appendix 5: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1900–1940s......Page 2110 Bibliography......Page 2112 A......Page 2122 B......Page 2124 C......Page 2126 D......Page 2130 E......Page 2131 F......Page 2133 G......Page 2135 H......Page 2136 I......Page 2138 J......Page 2139 L......Page 2140 M......Page 2142 N......Page 2145 O......Page 2146 P......Page 2147 R......Page 2149 S......Page 2151 T......Page 2155 U......Page 2156 W......Page 2157 Z......Page 2160 Editors......Page 2162 Volume 4......Page 2166 Contents......Page 2170 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users......Page 2174 Acknowledgments......Page 2184 Introduction......Page 2186 Historical Overview......Page 2190 Timeline......Page 2208 Overview......Page 2213 Domestic Life......Page 2215 Economic Life......Page 2229 Intellectual Life......Page 2239 Material Life......Page 2261 Political Life......Page 2277 Recreational Life......Page 2289 Religious Life......Page 2305 Timeline......Page 2312 Overview......Page 2319 Domestic Life......Page 2321 Economic Life......Page 2331 Intellectual Life......Page 2351 Material Life......Page 2375 Political Life......Page 2387 Recreational Life......Page 2414 Religious Life......Page 2431 Timeline......Page 2446 Overview......Page 2450 Domestic Life......Page 2452 Economic Life......Page 2460 Intellectual Life......Page 2475 Material Life......Page 2489 Political Life......Page 2498 Recreational Life......Page 2515 Religious Life......Page 2530 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt's Address to the Nation Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 8, 1941)......Page 2536 2. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chat Concerning the Coal Crisis (May 2, 1943)......Page 2537 4. Secretary of State George C. Marshall Describes the Marshall Plan (June 5, 1947)......Page 2542 5. Senator Margaret Chase Smith's Declaration of Conscience (June 1, 1950)......Page 2544 6. William Faulkner Accepts the Nobel Prize for Literature (September 10, 1950)......Page 2547 7. U.S. Supreme Court's Landmark Ruling on Desegregation in Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954)......Page 2548 8. President John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961)......Page 2551 9. Federal Communication Commission Chairman Newton Minnow Declares Television a "Vast Wasteland" (May 9, 1961)......Page 2554 10. Robert Moses's "Letter from a Mississippi Jail Cell" (July 15, 1961)......Page 2561 11. George C. Wallace's Inaugural Address as Governor of Alabama (January 14, 1963)......Page 2562 12. Madalyn Murray O'Hair's Essay "The Battle Is Joined" (June 10, 1963)......Page 2564 13. President John F. Kennedy's Address on Civil Rights (June 11, 1963)......Page 2566 14. Civil Rights Act (July 2, 1964)......Page 2568 15. President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise" (March 15, 1965)......Page 2570 16. Voting Rights Act of 1965 (August 6, 1965)......Page 2572 17. Excerpt from Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (June 23, 1972)......Page 2578 18. Excerpt from the Supreme Court's Decision on Abortion Rights in Roe v. Wade (January 22, 1973)......Page 2580 19. President Ronald Reagan's Remarks at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate (June 12, 1987)......Page 2581 20. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Treaty (January 1, 1994)......Page 2585 21. President George W. Bush's 9/11 Address to the Nation (September 11, 2001)......Page 2588 22. Pope John Paul II's Speech to 12 U.S. Cardinals on the Sex Abuse Scandal in the American Catholic Church (April 23, 2002)......Page 2589 23. Bill Cosby's "Pound Cake Speech," an Address to the NAACP's Gala to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 2004)......Page 2591 24. Karl Rove's Address to the Federalist Society (November 10, 2005)......Page 2594 Appendix 1: Map of the American States Following the Admission of Alaska and Hawaii in 1959......Page 2598 Appendix 2: Legal Public Holidays in the United States at the Start of the Twenty-First Century......Page 2600 Appendix 3: Population of the United States by Decade, 1940–2000......Page 2602 Appendix 4: Presidents of the United States, 1940–2005......Page 2603 Appendix 5: Vice Presidents of the United States, 1940–2005......Page 2604 Appendix 6: Secretaries of State of the United States, 1940–2005......Page 2605 Appendix 7: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1940–2005......Page 2606 Bibliography......Page 2608 A......Page 2618 B......Page 2620 C......Page 2622 D......Page 2626 E......Page 2627 F......Page 2629 G......Page 2631 H......Page 2632 I......Page 2634 J......Page 2635 L......Page 2636 M......Page 2638 N......Page 2641 O......Page 2642 P......Page 2643 R......Page 2645 S......Page 2647 T......Page 2651 U......Page 2652 W......Page 2653 Z......Page 2656 Editors and Contributors......Page 2658 Volume 1 4 Contents 6 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users 8 Acknowledgments 18 Volume Editor's Preface 20 1. From Colonies to Nationhood, 1763–1789 22 Chronology, 1754–1789 22 Overview 26 Domestic Life 50 Material Life 64 Intellectual Life 80 Religious Life 86 Economic Life 89 Political Life 111 Military Life: The Makeup of the American Army 120 Military Life: The Revolution on the Homefront 149 Women 175 Independence and a New Beginning 190 2. The New Nation Takes Shape, 1789–1820 198 Chronology, 1789–1820 198 Overview 209 Domestic Life 231 Intellectual Life 244 Economic Life 251 Recreational Life 289 Religious Life 312 Social Life 334 Military Life 362 Epilogue 381 3. Changes and Conflict, 1821–1861 388 Chronology, 1821–1861 388 Overview 392 Domestic Life 412 Intellectual Life 427 Material Life 488 Economic Life 536 Political Life 575 Religious Life 580 Slavery 583 Primary Documents 612 1. Glimpses of Colonial Society and Life at Princeton College (1766) 612 2. A Narrative of the Adventures, Dangers, and Sufferings of a Revolutionary War Soldier (1778) 613 3. A Description of Philadelphia (1814) 613 4. Cruelty to Slaves on a Mississippi Plantation (1819) 615 5. Francis J. Grund on American Homes (1837) 616 6. Francis J. Grund on American Newspapers (1837) 618 7. Harriet Martineau Describes Washington, D.C., in the 1830s 619 8. Harriet Martineau's Description of American Slavery (1830s) 620 9. Charles Dickens on the Mill Girls of Lowell, Massachusetts (1842) 622 10. Frederick Douglass on the Cruelty of Slaveholders and the Suffering of Slaves (1845) 623 11. Sir Charles Lyell Describes a Boston School (1845) 625 12. An American Home (1849) 626 13. An Address to the Legislature of New York, Adopted by the State Women's Rights Convention at Albany (February 1854) 627 14. Frederick Law Olmsted Describes the American South (1856) 628 15. A Steamboat Ride on the Mississippi (1857) 629 Appendices 632 Appendix 1: Population of the United States by Decade—1790–1860 632 Appendix 2: Presidents of the United States—1789–1861 632 Appendix 3: Vice Presidents of the United States—1789–1861 633 Appendix 4: Secretaries of State of the United States—1789–1861 634 Appendix 5: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court—1789–1864 635 Bibliography 636 Cumulative Index 678 A 678 B 680 C 682 D 686 E 687 F 689 G 691 H 692 I 694 J 695 K 696 L 696 M 698 N 701 O 702 P 703 Q 705 R 705 S 707 T 711 U 712 V 713 W 713 Y 716 Z 716 Editors 718 Volume 2 722 Contents 724 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users 728 Chronology: 1860–1900 738 1. Historical Overview 742 A Century of "-isms" 742 Domestic Life 744 A Place in Society 746 Courtship and Marriage 747 Using Census Data 750 Vital Statistics 751 The Fragility of Life 753 The Cost and Standard of Living 755 Family Wealth 756 Farm Unrest 758 Currency Reform 759 Immigration 760 Intellectual Life 761 Militarism 765 Summary 765 2. The Civil War 770 Overview 770 Domestic Life 773 Economic Life 804 Intellectual Life 823 Material Life 854 Political Life 889 Recreational Life 904 Religious Life 930 3. Reconstruction 942 Overview 942 Domestic Life 945 Economic Life 966 Intellectual Life 989 Material Life 1006 Political Life 1023 Recreational Life 1038 Religious Life 1063 4. The Period of Exploitation 1068 Overview 1068 Domestic Life 1071 Economic Life 1091 Intellectual Life 1120 Material Life 1139 Political Life 1157 Recreational Life 1177 Religious Life 1195 5. Industrial Age 1206 Overview 1206 Domestic Life 1214 Economic Life 1240 Intellectual Life 1266 Material Life 1286 Political Life 1310 Recreational Life 1328 Religious Life 1362 Primary Documents 1376 1. Report of the Discovery of a Subterranean Fountain of Oil (1859) 1376 2. Personal Advice Author Timothy Titcomb on Truth-telling (1861) 1377 3. The Morrill Act (1862) 1378 4. Lieutenant William J. Hardee's Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics (1862) 1378 5. Remembering the Battle of Gettysburg (1863) 1380 6. An Ohio Schoolmaster's View of the Earliest Period of Reconstruction (1865) 1381 7. Excerpts from Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York by Horatio Alger Jr. (1868) 1383 8. A Farewell to the Buffalo Soldiers from Their Commander (1869) 1384 9. How Beauty Is Spoiled (1870) 1386 10. Making Peace with the Apache Chief Cochise (1872) 1387 11. The Saga of Stone's Landing from The Gilded Age by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) (1873) 1389 12. The Preface to Housekeeping in Old Virginia by Marion Cabell Tyree (1877) 1391 13. Progress and Poverty or the Single Tax (1879) 1392 14. Etiquette for the Table (1880s) 1394 15. Entries from the Diary of Ruth Anna Abrams (1881) 1395 16. A Snippet from a Doll's Life (1880s) 1396 17. From Hand-Sewn to Machine-Sewn (1867–1899) 1396 18. Daniel Carter Beard's Advice to American Boys (1882) 1397 19. Lina and Adelia Beard on Activities for Girls (1887) 1398 20. The Gospel of Wealth (1889) 1400 21. Christmas Day Menu (1890) 1402 22. The Report on the Marine Guard at the Legations at Peking (Beijing) during the Boxer Rebellion (1900) 1406 23. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (1906) 1409 Appendices 1412 Appendix 1: Population of the United States by Decade—1860–1900 1412 Appendix 2: Presidents of the United States—1861–1901 1412 Appendix 3: Vice Presidents of the United States—1861–1901 1413 Appendix 4: Secretaries of State of the United States—1861–1905 1414 Appendix 5: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court—1861–1901 1414 Selected Bibliography 1416 Cumulative Index 1436 A 1436 B 1438 C 1440 D 1444 E 1445 F 1447 G 1449 H 1450 I 1452 J 1453 K 1454 L 1454 M 1456 N 1459 O 1460 P 1461 Q 1463 R 1463 S 1465 T 1469 U 1470 V 1471 W 1471 Y 1474 Z 1474 Editors 1476 Volume 3 1480 Contents 1484 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users 1488 Volume Editor's Preface 1498 Chronology: 1900–1945 1500 1. Historical Overview: The United States, 1900–1940 1524 The Progressive Age and Theodore Roosevelt 1524 The Era of Theodore Roosevelt 1527 Woodrow Wilson's Domestic Policy 1529 Overseas Expansion and the Mexican Revolution 1530 World War I 1532 The Roaring Twenties 1542 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1551 The Coming of World War II 1559 2. The Northeast 1564 Overview 1564 Domestic Life 1566 Economic Life 1580 Intellectual Life 1587 Material Life 1597 Political Life 1609 Recreational Life 1615 Religious Life 1625 3. The Middle Atlantic States 1634 Overview 1634 Domestic Life 1634 Economic Life 1644 Intellectual Life 1675 Material Life 1687 Political Life 1706 Recreational Life 1711 Religious Life 1723 4. The South 1730 Overview 1730 Domestic Life 1731 Economic Life 1737 Intellectual Life 1751 Material Life 1763 Political Life 1778 Recreational Life 1784 Religious Life 1790 5. The Midwest 1802 Overview 1802 Domestic Life 1803 Economic Life 1816 Intellectual Life 1830 Material Life 1840 Political Life 1851 Recreational Life 1860 Religious Life 1868 6. The Southwest and Rocky Mountain West 1874 Overview 1874 Domestic Life 1876 Economic Life 1880 Intellectual Life 1902 Material Life 1905 Political Life 1911 Recreational Life 1916 Religious Life 1917 7. The Pacific West 1924 Overview 1924 Domestic Life 1925 Economic Life 1936 Intellectual Life 1959 Material Life 1965 Political Life 1978 Recreational Life 1985 Religious Life 1991 Primary Documents 1996 1. President Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (December 6, 1904) 1996 2. President Theodore Roosevelt's Muckraker Speech—"The Man with the Muck Rake" (April 15, 1906) 2000 3. The New York Sun Describes the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (April 19, 1906) 2005 4. Pure Food and Drug Act (June 30, 1906) 2008 5. Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—"The Income Tax Amendment" (ratified February 3, 1913) 2013 6. President Woodrow Wilson's First Inauguration Address (March 4, 1913) 2014 7. President Woodrow Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality (August 19, 1914) 2017 8. German Warning of Submarine Attacks on British Ships (May 2, 1915) 2018 9. Zimmerman Note (January 16, 1917) 2019 10. President Woodrow Wilson's War Message to Congress (April 2, 1917) 2019 11. Civil Liberties during World War I—The Espionage Act (June 15, 1917) 2025 12. Conscientious Objection—One Objector's Story 2026 13. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (January 8, 1918) 2027 14. Women's Right to Vote—The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (ratified August 18, 1920) 2032 15. Prohibition Enforcement (January 26, 1922) 2033 16. Immigration Act of 1924 (May 26, 1924) 2033 17. Florida Hurricane of 1926 (September 19, 1926) 2038 18. Poverty in the Prosperous 1920s—Case Studies of Unemployed Workers I 2039 19. Poverty in the Prosperous 1920s—Case Studies of Unemployed Workers II 2042 20. Boulder Dam Project—Transcript of the Boulder Canyon Project Act (December 21, 1928) 2044 21. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1933) 2054 22. Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Fireside Chat (March 12, 1933) 2058 23. Another Fireside Chat—Goals of the First New Deal (May 7, 1933) 2062 24. Repeal of Prohibition—The Twenty-First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (ratified December 5, 1933) 2067 25. Ending the All-White Primary—Grovey v. Townsend (April 1, 1935) 2068 26. Insuring the Future—The Social Security Act (August 14, 1935) 2073 27. Young and Out of Work during the Depression—The WPA Writer's Project I 2075 28. The American Middle Class in the Depression—The WPA Writers' Project II 2077 29. Recovery in Washington, D.C.—The WPA Writer's Project III 2082 30. Women in the Depression—The WPA Writer's Project IV 2084 31. President Franklin Roosevelt's "Quarantine the Enemy" Speech (October 5, 1937) 2088 32. Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chat—"The Arsenal of Democracy" (December 29, 1940) 2092 33. President Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms Speech (January 6, 1941) 2099 34. President Franklin Roosevelt's "Day of Infamy" Speech (December 8, 1941) 2105 Appendices 2108 Appendix 1: Population of the United States by Decade, 1900–1940 2108 Appendix 2: Presidents of the United States, 1900–1945 2108 Appendix 3: Vice Presidents of the United States, 1900–1940s 2109 Appendix 4: Secretaries of State of the United States, 1900–1940s 2110 Appendix 5: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1900–1940s 2110 Bibliography 2112 Cumulative Index 2122 A 2122 B 2124 C 2126 D 2130 E 2131 F 2133 G 2135 H 2136 I 2138 J 2139 K 2140 L 2140 M 2142 N 2145 O 2146 P 2147 Q 2149 R 2149 S 2151 T 2155 U 2156 V 2157 W 2157 Y 2160 Z 2160 Editors 2162 Volume 4 2166 Contents 2170 Tour Guide: A Preface for Users 2174 Acknowledgments 2184 1. Introduction and Historical Overview 2186 Introduction 2186 Historical Overview 2190 2. Daily Life in the United States, 1940–1959 2208 Timeline 2208 Overview 2213 Domestic Life 2215 Economic Life 2229 Intellectual Life 2239 Material Life 2261 Political Life 2277 Recreational Life 2289 Religious Life 2305 3. Daily Life in the United States, 1960–1990 2312 Timeline 2312 Overview 2319 Domestic Life 2321 Economic Life 2331 Intellectual Life 2351 Material Life 2375 Political Life 2387 Recreational Life 2414 Religious Life 2431 4. Daily Life in the United States, 1991–2005 2446 Timeline 2446 Overview 2450 Domestic Life 2452 Economic Life 2460 Intellectual Life 2475 Material Life 2489 Political Life 2498 Recreational Life 2515 Religious Life 2530 Primary Documents 2536 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt's Address to the Nation Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 8, 1941) 2536 2. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chat Concerning the Coal Crisis (May 2, 1943) 2537 3. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's Order of the Day for D-Day, the Allied Invasion of Normandy (June 6, 1944) 2542 4. Secretary of State George C. Marshall Describes the Marshall Plan (June 5, 1947) 2542 5. Senator Margaret Chase Smith's Declaration of Conscience (June 1, 1950) 2544 6. William Faulkner Accepts the Nobel Prize for Literature (September 10, 1950) 2547 7. U.S. Supreme Court's Landmark Ruling on Desegregation in Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954) 2548 8. President John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961) 2551 9. Federal Communication Commission Chairman Newton Minnow Declares Television a "Vast Wasteland" (May 9, 1961) 2554 10. Robert Moses's "Letter from a Mississippi Jail Cell" (July 15, 1961) 2561 11. George C. Wallace's Inaugural Address as Governor of Alabama (January 14, 1963) 2562 12. Madalyn Murray O'Hair's Essay "The Battle Is Joined" (June 10, 1963) 2564 13. President John F. Kennedy's Address on Civil Rights (June 11, 1963) 2566 14. Civil Rights Act (July 2, 1964) 2568 15. President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise" (March 15, 1965) 2570 16. Voting Rights Act of 1965 (August 6, 1965) 2572 17. Excerpt from Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (June 23, 1972) 2578 18. Excerpt from the Supreme Court's Decision on Abortion Rights in Roe v. Wade (January 22, 1973) 2580 19. President Ronald Reagan's Remarks at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate (June 12, 1987) 2581 20. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Treaty (January 1, 1994) 2585 21. President George W. Bush's 9/11 Address to the Nation (September 11, 2001) 2588 22. Pope John Paul II's Speech to 12 U.S. Cardinals on the Sex Abuse Scandal in the American Catholic Church (April 23, 2002) 2589 23. Bill Cosby's "Pound Cake Speech," an Address to the NAACP's Gala to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 2004) 2591 24. Karl Rove's Address to the Federalist Society (November 10, 2005) 2594 Appendices 2598 Appendix 1: Map of the American States Following the Admission of Alaska and Hawaii in 1959 2598 Appendix 2: Legal Public Holidays in the United States at the Start of the Twenty-First Century 2600 Appendix 3: Population of the United States by Decade, 1940–2000 2602 Appendix 4: Presidents of the United States, 1940–2005 2603 Appendix 5: Vice Presidents of the United States, 1940–2005 2604 Appendix 6: Secretaries of State of the United States, 1940–2005 2605 Appendix 7: Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1940–2005 2606 Bibliography 2608 Cumulative Index 2618 A 2618 B 2620 C 2622 D 2626 E 2627 F 2629 G 2631 H 2632 I 2634 J 2635 K 2636 L 2636 M 2638 N 2641 O 2642 P 2643 Q 2645 R 2645 S 2647 T 2651 U 2652 V 2653 W 2653 Y 2656 Z 2656 Editors and Contributors 2658