The Greek Cypriot Nationalist Right in the Era of British Colonialism : Emergence, Mobilisation and Transformations of Right-Wing Party Politics

This Book Analyses The Processes And Factors That Contributed To The Emergence And Eventual Consolidation Of The Greek Cypriot Right In The Era Of British Colonialism. It Seeks To Understand Political Developments In Cyprus In The Period Extending From 1900 To 1955 With Regard To Their Social, Ideological And Economic Determinants. By Examining Changing Forms Of Political Life, A General Reconstitution Of The Political Sphere And A Specific Set Of Changes In The Ideology And Organisation Of The Greek Cypriots, The Author Offers A Framework For Analysing Greek Cypriot Right-wing Party Politics, Identifying Its Sources Of Mobilisation And Main Actors Such As The Church Of Cyprus, And Understanding Its Subsequent Transformations. Introduction: Nationalism And Political Representation In Colonised Countries -- The New Social Terrain Of (nationalist) Party Politics -- Institutional Engineering And Political Change -- The Reconstruction Of The Public Sphere: The Hegemony Of Nationalism -- Modernisation And The Church As An Institution Of Continuity -- The Crisis Of Established Politics And The Emergence Of The Nationalist Right -- Politicising Nationalism And Anti-colonialism: The Nationalist Milieu -- The Crisis Of Nationalism, Political Opposition And The Consolidation Of The Nationalist Right -- A Proxy Civil War And The Forging Of Nationalist Party Politics -- Conclusions: Old And New Right. Yiannos Katsourides. Includes Bibliographical References. Preface 6 References 9 Acknowledgements 10 Book Outline 12 Contents 16 Chapter 1: Introduction: Nationalism and Political Representation in Colonised Countries 19 1.1 Greek and Greek Cypriot Nationalism 24 1.2 Colonial Narratives of Party Politics 28 1.3 Cleavage Lines and Greek Intra-Ethnic Politics 32 1.3.1 A New Hegemonic Bloc and Internal Antitheses 35 1.4 Framework of Analysis: From Outsiders to Insiders and Back Again 38 References 44 Chapter 2: The New Social Terrain of (Nationalist) Party Politics 47 2.1 The End of Ottoman Occupation 48 2.1.1 Social Relations and the Socio-Political Elite 49 2.2 The British Colonial Era 51 2.3 Economic Reforms 54 2.4 A Society in Change 57 2.4.1 The Cypriot Bourgeoisie to the Fore 57 2.4.2 A New Elite 61 2.5 Social Relations and Sources of Clientele Relations 65 References 67 Censuses 69 Cyprus Blue Books 70 Chapter 3: Institutional Engineering and Political Change 71 3.1 The Legislative Council: A Quasi-Parliament 72 3.2 Voting Reform 75 3.3 Citizen Participation in Elections 79 3.3.1 Political Exclusionism 80 3.4 The Iron Law of Oligarchy: Elite Politics 81 3.5 Patronage Politics 83 3.6 The (Colonial) Limitations of (Nationalist) Party Politics 85 3.6.1 Compromised Democracy 85 3.6.2 Electoral Process as a Lightning Rod 87 References 88 Censuses 90 Cyprus Blue Books 90 Chapter 4: The Reconstruction of the Public Sphere: The Hegemony of Nationalism 91 4.1 Agents of Nationalism and the Demand for Enosis 92 4.2 The Nature and Singularities of the National Movement in Cyprus 95 4.3 The Popular Nature of the National Movement: An Artificial Construct? 100 4.4 Mechanisms of Transmission of the Nationalist Ideology 101 4.4.1 Education 102 4.4.2 Printed Media 106 4.4.3 The Balkan Wars 109 4.5 Ideas as Carriers of Change 111 References 112 Censuses 114 Cyprus Blue Books 114 Chapter 5: Modernisation and the Church as an Institution of Continuity 115 5.1 The Cypriot Church in History 117 5.2 The Conflict Between the British and the Church 122 5.3 Church Endorsement of Nationalism 126 References 130 Cyprus Blue Books 131 Chapter 6: The Crisis of Established Politics and the Emergence of the Nationalist Right 132 6.1 The Archiepiscopal Question: A Rupture with the Past 133 6.2 The Opposing Camps 136 6.3 The Ideological Character of the Conflict 140 6.4 The Battlefields (1): The Press 143 6.4.1 The Battlefields (2): Organisation 144 6.5 The Beginning of Mass Politics and the Nationalisation of Politics 146 6.6 An Evaluation 149 6.7 The Cypriot Church After the Archiepiscopal Rift 150 References 152 Chapter 7: Politicising Nationalism and Anti-Colonialism: The Nationalist Milieu 154 7.1 Clubs, Reading Rooms and Associations 155 7.2 The Organising Pillars: The Freemasons and the Press 157 7.3 Island-Wide Political Structures 160 7.3.1 Cyprus Political Organisation (1912) 160 7.3.2 The Political Organisation of Cyprus (1921) 164 7.4 The Reformist Turn 166 7.4.1 The Popular Party 169 7.5 The Revival of the Nationalists 171 7.5.1 The National Organisation (1930) 172 7.6 Emergence of the Radical Right (EREK 1931) 176 7.7 The Nature of Nationalist Politics 179 References 182 Cyprus Blue Books 183 Chapter 8: The Crisis of Nationalism, Political Opposition and the Consolidation of the Nationalist Right 184 8.1 Right-Wing Compromise and Communist Rise 185 8.1.1 The New Electoral Arena 189 8.2 The Nationalist Response 190 8.2.1 The Cyprus National Party (KEK) 191 8.2.2 The Pancyprian National Socialist Vanguard (PESP) 196 8.2.3 The New Trade Unions: The Cyprus Workers Confederation (SEK) 197 8.2.4 The Pan-Agrarian Union of Cyprus (PEK) 203 8.2.5 The `X ́ Group 205 8.3 Anticommunism: A Common Thread 206 References 208 Chapter 9: A Proxy Civil War and the Forging of Nationalist Party Politics 210 9.1 A New Political Terrain and the Constitutional Assembly as a Turning Point in Internal Politics of Hegemony 211 9.2 Anti-Communism and Helleno-Christianism: The Unifying Themes 215 9.3 The Influence and Leadership of the Church of Cyprus 219 9.4 Radicalising the Enosis Demand and Rallying of all Nationalist Forces: The EOKA Armed Struggle 225 9.5 The Absence of a `Third ́, Moderate Party on the Right 227 References 229 Chapter 10: Conclusions: Old and New Right 231 10.1 The First Period of Nationalist Politics: A Mosaic of Perceptions and Personal Ambitions 232 10.2 The Unifying Force of Anti-Communism: Crystallisation and Consolidation of the Nationalist Right 239 References 244 Front Matter....Pages i-xvii Introduction: Nationalism and Political Representation in Colonised Countries....Pages 1-28 The New Social Terrain of (Nationalist) Party Politics....Pages 29-52 Institutional Engineering and Political Change....Pages 53-72 The Reconstruction of the Public Sphere: The Hegemony of Nationalism....Pages 73-96 Modernisation and the Church as an Institution of Continuity....Pages 97-113 The Crisis of Established Politics and the Emergence of the Nationalist Right....Pages 115-136 Politicising Nationalism and Anti-Colonialism: The Nationalist Milieu....Pages 137-166 The Crisis of Nationalism, Political Opposition and the Consolidation of the Nationalist Right....Pages 167-192 A Proxy Civil War and the Forging of Nationalist Party Politics....Pages 193-213 Conclusions: Old and New Right....Pages 215-228