بحران جهانی آب: یک راهنمای مرجع (مسائل معاصر جهانی)

How is water scarcity becoming a serious problem worldwide―including in the United States? This book provides a broad overview of water, sanitation, and hygiene problems faced by both developing and developed nations around the globe and suggests how these problems can be solved by imaginative and innovative thinking. • Provides readers with an understanding of the severity of the water scarcity in the world today • Explains the nature of various sanitation issues around the world, how they arise, the problems for which they are responsible, and some possible solutions • Outlines the reasons that droughts are becoming a more serious problem in many parts of the world and what can be done to deal with these water shortages • Highlights the new, specialized problems concerning water supply raised by climate change Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 6 Copyright 7 Contents 8 Preface 14 1 Background and History 20 Earth’s Water Resources 21 The Distribution of Water on Earth 24 The Origin of Earth’s Water 25 The Water Cycle 26 The Nature of Groundwater 28 Water and the Rise of Human Civilization 31 The History of Water Wells 33 The History of Irrigation Systems 38 Irrigation Today 41 The History of Dams 42 Water Treatment 45 Power Production 51 Water Law 56 Water Rights 56 Environmental Regulations 61 Summary 63 References 64 2 Problems, Issues, and Solutions 74 Water Scarcity 75 Population Growth 77 Urbanization 79 Drought 81 What to Do about Droughts 85 Climate Change and Water Resources 89 Another View of Water Scarcity 94 Water Disputes 98 Neighbor against Neighbor 100 Fish versus Farmers 102 Power Production versus Domestic Use 103 Power Production versus Endangered Species 104 Water Use Agreements 105 Transboundary Disputes 107 Resolving Transboundary Issues 115 Sanitation 118 Statistics 118 Disease and Death 120 WASH Programs 124 Water Pollution 126 Conclusion 130 References 130 3 Perspectives 148 Introduction 148 Follow the Money: Trudy E. Bell 148 Aral Sea: John R. Burch Jr. 152 Desalination and Reuse: Facing a Global Water Crisis with Alternative Technologies: Roberto Molar Candanosa 155 Balancing Supply and Demand on the Colorado River: Hannah Holm 161 Not Just Schoolyard Gossip: The Dirty on Water, Disease, and Education in Africa: Emily Myers 166 A Water Riot: Katherine Ann Stanfill 170 Rural Water Supply Challenges in Developing Countries: Ivanna Tan 173 Remediation of the Buffalo River: Andrew Van Alstyne 177 4 Profiles 182 Introduction 182 Perry Alagappan 182 American Water Works Association 183 John Briscoe (1948–2014) 187 Jimmy Carter (1924–) 189 CH2M 192 Rita R. Colwell (1934–) 194 Eugene Gangarosa (1926–) 196 Peter H. Gleick (1956–) 199 Global Water Partnership 202 Groundwater Foundation 205 Thomas Hawksley (1807–1893) 207 Michael R. Hoffmann (1946–) 210 International Water Resources Association 212 John L. Leal (1858–1914) 214 Sidney Loeb (1917–2008) 215 Millennium Water Alliance 217 Peter Morgan (1943–) 219 Pacific Institute 221 Bindeshwar Pathak (1943–) 223 Rajendra Singh (1959–) 226 Stockholm International Water Institute 229 Water and Sanitation Program 232 Water for People 234 WaterAid 236 Water.org 239 World Health Organization 241 World Water Council 243 5 Data and Documents 248 Introduction 248 Data 248 Table 5.1. Quality of Various Water Resources in the United States, 2015 248 Table 5.2. Trends in Water Use in the United States, 1950–2010 (in billions of gallons per day) 249 Table 5.3. Source of Water Withdrawal, United States, 1950–2010 (billions of gallons per day) 250 Table 5.4. Quality of Water Resources in the United States for Designated Uses, 2015 251 Table 5.5. Causes of Impairment in Rivers and Streams in the United States, 2015 251 Table 5.6. Probable Sources of Impairments in Assessed Rivers and Streams in the United States, 2015 252 Documents 253 Tyler v. Wilkinson, 24 F. Cas. 472 (C.C.D. R.I. 1827) 253 Irwin v. Phillips, 5 Cal. 140 (1855) 255 Colorado River Compact (1922) 257 Article 10, California State Constitution (1928) 259 Clean Water Act of 1972 261 Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 263 Amendments of 1996 265 National Audubon Society v. the Superior Court of Alpine County, 33 Cal. 3d 419; 189 Cal. Rptr. 346 (1983) 267 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (1992) 269 Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing and Holding of Produce for Human Consumption (2014) 272 Communication from the Commission on the European Citizens’ Initiative “Water and Sanitation Are a Human Right! Water Is a Public Good, Not a Commodity!” (2014) 276 Climate Change Impacts in the United States (2014) 278 Executive Order B-29-15 (California) 2015 280 WaterSense (2015) 281 6 Annotated Bibliography 286 7 Chronology 326 Glossary 336 Index 340 About the Author 370 "How is water scarcity becoming a serious problem worldwide--including in the United States? This book provides a broad overview of water, sanitation, and hygiene problems faced by both developing and developed nations around the globe and suggests how these problems can be solved by imaginative and innovative thinking. Human society depends on sufficient clean water. In many parts of the world, however, this most basic commodity is in very short supply. Even in developed, first-world nations, climate change and other factors have begun to create alarming water supply issues. The Global Water Crisis: A Reference Handbook provides a detailed overview of this important topic, enabling readers to understand the nature of the world's water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) problems and to know what resources are best for conducting their own research on the topic. The first chapter of the book provides the historical background information pertaining to the world's water and sanitation problems; the second chapter documents the problems, explores the issues, and presents potential solutions for understanding the nature of WASH issues. The other sections provide the needed resources for readers to study the issue of the global water crisis further: perspective essays, primary documents, biographical profiles, data and documents, an extended annotated bibliography, a chronology, and a glossary." -- Publisher's description