کاهش جهانی مجازات اعدام اجباری: حقوق اساسی و اصلاحات قانونی در آفریقا، آسیا و کارائیب (قانون، عدالت و قدرت)

Historically, At English Common Law, The Death Penalty Was Mandatory For The Crime Of Murder And Other Violent Felonies. Over The Last Three Decades, However, Many Former British Colonies Have Reformed Their Capital Punishment Regimes To Permit Judicial Sentencing Discretion, Including Consideration Of Mitigating Factors. Applying A Comparative Analysis To The Law Of Capital Punishment, Novak Examines The Constitutional Jurisprudence And Resulting Legislative Reform In The Caribbean, Sub-saharan Africa, And South And Southeast Asia, Focusing On The Rapid Retreat Of The Mandatory Death Penalty In The Commonwealth Over The Last Thirty Years. The Coordinated Mandatory Death Penalty Challenges - Which Have Had The Consequence Of Greatly Reducing The World's Death Row Population - Represent A Case Study Of How A Small Group Of Lawyers Can Sponsor Human Rights Litigation That Incorporates International Human Rights Law Into Domestic Constitutional Jurisprudence, Ultimately Harmonizing Criminal Justice Regimes Across Borders. This Book Is Essential Reading For Anyone Interested In The Study And Development Of Human Rights And Capital Punishment, As Well As Those Exploring The Contours Of Comparative Criminal Justice--page I. Introduction : The Mandatory Death Penalty In Historical And Comparative Perspective -- An Excessive And Arbitrary Punishment : The Mandatory Death Penalty And Discretion In The United States Of America -- Restricting The Death Penalty To The Rarest Of The Rare : The Origins Of A Discretionary Death Penalty In India And Bangladesh -- A Successful Experiment : The Abolition Of The Mandatory Death Penalty In The Commonwealth Caribbean -- The Holdouts : The Survival Of The Mandatory Death Penalty In Malaysia And Singapore -- The New Frontier : Constitutional Challenges To The Mandatory Death Penalty In Sub-saharan Africa -- The Doctrine Of Extenuating Circumstances : The Rise Of Judicial Sentencing Discretion In Southern Africa -- Conclusion : After The Mandatory Death Penalty. Andrew Novak. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover 1 Contents 6 A Note on Sources 8 About the Author 10 Acknowledgments 12 1 Introduction: The Mandatory Death Penalty in Historical and Comparative Perspective 14 2 An Excessive and Arbitrary Punishment: The Mandatory Death Penalty and Discretion in the United States of America 22 3 Restricting the Death Penalty to the “Rarest of the Rare”: The Origins of a Discretionary Death Penalty in India and Bangladesh 44 4 A Successful Experiment: The Abolition of the Mandatory Death Penalty in the Commonwealth Caribbean 60 5 The Holdouts: The Survival of the Mandatory Death Penalty in Malaysia and Singapore 86 6 The New Frontier: Constitutional Challenges to the Mandatory Death Penalty in Sub-Saharan Africa 112 7 The Doctrine of Extenuating Circumstances:The Rise of Judicial Sentencing Discretion in Southern Africa 138 8 Conclusion: After the Mandatory Death Penalty 176 Index 182 Table of Authorities 190 Historically the death penalty was mandatory for the crime of murder and other violent felonies, in accordance with English common law. Over the last three decades many former British colonies have reformed their capital punishment regimes to permit judicial sentencing discretion, including consideration of mitigating factors.