The Geobiology And Ecology Of Metasequoia (topics In Geobiology)

This text for the graduate or advanced undergraduate student assembles the latest information summarizing regional, systematic, and theoretical aspects of the early metazoa. The work consists of articles written by experts from around the world and includes literature from Russia and China translated for the first time into English. Booknews Providing an international perspective on the subject (including a summary of Russian and Chinese literature in English), contributions discuss previously proposed and new hypotheses for the origin and early radiation of Metazoa; give a sedimentological, geochemical, and biological description of the earth just prior to the appearance of the first animal fossils; review new knowledge on the earliest known metazoan fossils; and discuss the early evolution of Metazoa from a geographical and systematic perspective. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com) Springer Table of Contents 18 Part I Fossil Metasequoia and History 25 Chapter 1 The Evolution and Biogeographic History of Metasequoia 26 1. Introduction 27 2. Taxonomy 29 3. Morphological Stasis and Genetic Variation 31 4. Distribution of Metasequoia glyptostroboides 33 5. Phytogeography 34 6. Putative Metasequoia Remains from Europe 46 7. Orogenies and Ecological Competition 47 8. Acknowledgements 51 9. References Cited 51 10. Appendix A 57 11. Appendix B 80 12. References for Metasequoia-Bearing Fossil Sites 117 Chapter 2 Paleoecology and History of Metasequoia in Japan, with Reference to its Extinction and Survival in East Asia 138 1. Introduction 139 2. Occurrence and Paleoecology of Metasequoia in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Floras in and Around Japan 141 3. Geographical Changes in the Distribution of Metasequoia During the Neogene and Early Pleistocene 144 4. Extinction and Survival of Metasequoia in East Asia 154 5. Acknowledgements 157 6. References Cited 157 Chapter 3 A High-Resolution Palynological Analysis, Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic 160 1. Introduction 161 2. Study Area 162 3. Methods 164 4. Results 166 5. Discussion 170 6. Conclusions 176 7. Acknowledgements 176 8. References Cited 177 9. Appendix A 179 Chapter 4 Metasequoia in the Oligocene Bridge Creek Flora of Western North America: Ecological Implications and the History of Research 182 1. Introduction 183 2. Metasequoia in the Bridge Creek Flora 184 3. History of Study, Early Interpretations, and the Bearing of the Discovery of Extant Metasequoia on Interpretations of Paleocommunities 187 4. Ecological Setting and Conservation of the Modern Metasequoia Forest 192 5. Ecological Setting and Climate of the Oligocene Bridge Creek Flora 196 6. The Eocene-Oligocene Transition: Climate Change and the Development of Mixed Mesophytic Forest 198 7. Conclusions 205 8. Acknowledgements 206 9. References Cited 206 Chapter 5 Gunther’s Travels: The Odyssey of Metasequoia Seeds from the 1920s? 210 1. Introduction 211 2. Gunther in China 211 3. Gunther in America 213 4. Gunther’s Metasequoia 214 5. Acknowledgements 217 6. References Cited 217 Part II Cuticle, Ultrastructure and Biomolecules 218 Chapter 6 Cuticle Analysis of Living and Fossil Metasequoia 219 1. Introduction 220 2. Materials and Methods 222 3. Cuticle of Living Metasequoia glyptostroboides 223 4. Cuticle of Fossil Metasequoia 228 5. Evolutionary Implications 229 6. Conclusions and Prospects 233 7. Acknowledgements 235 8. References Cited 235 Chapter 7 Ultrastructural Preservation in Middle Eocene Metasequoia Leaf Tissues from the Buchanan Lake Formation 240 1. Introduction 241 2. Methods and Materials 243 3. Qualitative Observations on Fossil Leaf Ultrastructure 246 4. Condition of Preserved Chloroplasts and Components 248 5. Negative Staining of the Chloroplast Membranes 250 6. Quantitative Analysis of Chloroplast Preservation 253 7. Implications of Quantitative Analysis 261 8. Patterns of Degradation: Senescence versus Trauma Induced Detachment 261 9. Mechanism of Preservation 264 10. Sun/Shade Classification of Fossil Leaflets 266 11. Acknowledgements 271 12. References Cited 271 Chapter 8 Biomolecules from Living and Fossil Metasequoia: Biological and Geological Applications 274 1. Introduction 275 2. Biomolecules and Applied Technology 276 3. DNA and Proteins from Metasequoia glyptostroboides 279 4. Biochemistry of Ancient Biomolecules from Fossil Metasequoia 283 5. Fossil Taphonomy and Paleoenvironmental Applications 290 6. General Implications and Conclusions 292 7. Acknowledgements 293 8. References Cited 294 9. Appendix A 301 Part III Ecology and Ecophysiology 303 Chapter 9 Ecological Characteristics of Metasequoia glyptostroboides 304 1. Introduction 305 2. Habitat and Native Range 306 3. Life History 312 4. Growth Rates and Tree Form 315 5. Reaction to Competition 319 6. Summary 320 7. Acknowledgements 320 8. References Cited 321 Chapter 10 Physiological Ecology of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng 324 1. Introduction 325 2. Materials and Methods 327 3. Gas Exchange 327 4. Other Aspects 337 5. Summary 341 6. Materials and Methods 348 7. References Cited 349 Chapter 11 Competitive Advantages of Metasequoia in Warm High Latitudes 353 1. Introduction 354 2. Competition Criteria 356 3. Mechanical/Hydraulic Attributes 357 4. Water use Efficiency 359 5. Photobiology 361 6. Discussion 362 7. Acknowledgements 364 8. References Cited 364 Part IV Cultivars and Horticulture 368 Chapter 12 Selecting and Propagating New Cultivars of Metasequoia 369 1. Origins 369 2. Cultivar Selection 370 3. Propagation 373 4. Discussion 375 5. Summary 376 6. Literature Cited 376 Chapter 13 Cultivars of Metasequoia glyptostroboides 377 1. Introduction 377 2. Metasequoia glyptostroboides Varieties 378 3. Putative Cultivars 381 4. Acknowledgements 381 5. References Cited 382 Chapter 14 A Conservation Plan for Metasequoia in China 383 1. Introduction 384 2. History of Metasequoia glyptostroboides 385 3. General guidelines for Resource Protection 386 4. Specific Challenges of Preserving Metasequoia glyptostroboides Forests 387 5. Preservation of the California Redwood Forests 388 6. Preservation Issues in California 391 7. Preservation Strategies for California Redwoods 393 8. Essentials of a Metasequoia Conservation Plan 397 9. Other Successful Conservation Programs—What Lessons can be Learned? 406 10. Conclusions 420 11. Acknowledgements 420 12. References Cited 420 13. Appendix A 426 14. Appendix B 428 15. Appendix C 430 16. Appendix D 431 17. Appendix E 432 18. Appendix F 433 Index 435 A 435 B 436 C 436 D 439 E 439 F 440 G 441 H 442 I 442 J 442 K 442 L 443 M 443 N 445 O 446 P 446 Q 447 R 447 S 448 T 449 U 449 V 450 W 450 X 450 Y 450 Z 450 ISBN-13:,9781402026317 Several years ago, we realized that the most prominent ideas that had been ex­ pressed about the origin and early evolution of the Metazoa seemed to have been developed chiefly by zoologists using evidence from modern species without reference to the fossil record. Paleontologists had, in fact, put forth their own ideas but the zoological and the paleontological evidence were about the problem, seldom considered together, especially by zoologists. We believed that the paleon­ tological documentation of the first Metazoa was too scattered, too obscure to Western readers, and much of it too recent to have been readily available to our colleagues in zoology. Whether or not that was entirely true, we thought that a single volume reviewing the fossil record of the earliest Metazoa would be useful to many in both paleontology and zoology, especially since so much new informa­ tion has been developed in the last few years. Some of this information has been summarized in general articles recently, but an overview of most of the field does not exist. We therefore organized this book in five parts so that the evidence could be placed in perspective and summarized and inferences made from it. Part I intro­ duces the previous hypotheses that have been proposed for the origin and early radiation of Metazoa. Part II consists of two summary chapters that set the sedi­ mentological, geochemical, and biological background to the known radiations of Metazoa. The evolution and biogeographic history of Metasequoia / Ben A. LePage, Hong Yang and Midori Matsumoto Paleoecology and history of Metasequoia in Japan, with reference to its extinction and survival in East Asia / Arata Momohara A high-resolution palynological analysis, Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic / Suzanna L. Richter and Ben A. LePage Metasequoia in the Oligocene Bridge Creek flora of western North America : ecological implications and the history of research / Herbert W. Meyer Gunther's travels : the odyssey of Metasequoia seeds from the 1920s? / Judy Barrett Litoff Cuticle analysis of living and fossil Metasequoia / Qin Leng Ultrastructural preservation in middle Eocene Metasequoia leaf tissues from the Buchanan Lake Formation / Karimah Schoenhut Biomolecules from living and fossil Metasequoia : biological and geological applications / Hong Yang Ecological characteristics of Metasequoia glyptostroboides / Christopher J. Williams Physiological ecology of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng / David R. Vann Competitive advantages of Metasequoia in warm high latitudes / Richard Jagels and Maria A. Equiza Selecting and propagating new cultivars of Metasequoia / John Kuser Cultivars of Metasequoia glyptostroboides / Christophe Nugue A conservation plan for Metasequoia in China / Gaytha A. Langlois. The plant fossil record provides evidence that the genus Metasequoia was widely distributed and experienced a wide range of climatic and environmental conditions throughout the Northern Hemisphere from the early Late Cretaceous to the Plio-Pleistocene. Today the genus is limited to one species with approximately 5,000 mature individuals growing in the Xiahoe Valley in southeastern China. This book is a distillation of the collective efforts and results of the world's Metasequoia specialists and enthusiasts. It is the most up-to-date and comprehensive reference source for the genus and the authors have sought to incorporate obscure, hard-to-get and non-English reference sources. The book reviews what is known about the biology, ecology and physiology of fossil and living Metasequoia, current research directions and problems that remain unresolved. This book presents a definitive overview of fossil and living Metasequoia and was written by sixteen of the world's experts on this important genus. Given the reality of increasing human pressure and the inevitability of global change, efforts to conserve this ancient genus are underway. "This book presents a definitive overview of fossil and living Metasequoia and was written by sixteen of the world's experts on this important genus. Given the reality of increasing human pressure and the inevitability of global change, efforts to conserve this ancient genus are underway. This book will be of interest to botanists, geologists, paleobotanists, biogeographers, foresters, ecologists, paleoecologists, ecophysiologists, geochemists, climate modelers, geneticists, naturalists, science historians, and gardeners and will be useful as a supplemental text for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses in paleoecology."--Jacket