The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870-1960 (Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures)

International law was born from the impulse to'civilize'late nineteenth-century attitudes towards race and society, argues Martti Koskenniemi in this extensive study of the rise and fall of modern international law. In a work of wide-ranging intellectual scope, now available for the first time in paperback, Koskenniemi traces the emergence of a liberal sensibility relating to international matters in the late nineteenth century, and its subsequent decline after the Second World War. He combines legal analysis, historical and political critique and semi-biographical studies of key figures (including Hans Kelsen, Hersch Lauterpacht, Carl Schmitt and Hans Morgenthau); he also considers the role of crucial institutions (the Institut de droit international, the League of Nations). His discussion of legal and political realism at American law schools ends in a critique of post-1960'instrumentalism'. This book provides a unique reflection on the possibility of critical international law today. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Preface......Page 13 Abbreviations......Page 16 I......Page 17 II......Page 19 III......Page 22 1 “The legal conscience of the civilized world ”......Page 27 A manifesto......Page 28 An old-fashioned tradition......Page 35 A transitional critic: Kaltenborn von Stachau......Page 40 An amateur science......Page 44 A time of danger......Page 51 A meeting in Ghent, 1873......Page 55 A romantic profession: Bluntschli......Page 58 A social conception of law......Page 63 Method: enlightened inwardness......Page 67 Towards a culture of human rights: Fiore......Page 70 Advancing the liberal project......Page 73 Limits of liberalism......Page 83 Cultural consciousness......Page 86 Culture as character......Page 92 The elusive sensibility......Page 104 2 Sovereignty: a gift of civilization – international lawyers and imperialism, 1870–1914......Page 114 Ambivalent attitudes......Page 115 Informal empire 1815–1870: hic sunt leones......Page 126 The lawyers 1815–1870......Page 128 The demise of informal empire in Africa......Page 132 The Berlin Conference 1884–1885......Page 137 The myth of civilization: a logic of exclusion–inclusion......Page 143 Looking for a standard......Page 148 Between universality and relativism: colonial treaties......Page 152 The myth of sovereignty: a beneficent empire......Page 159 The limits of sovereignty: civilization betrayed......Page 165 Occupation is nothing – Fashoda......Page 168 Sovereignty as terror – the Congo......Page 171 From sovereignty to internationalization......Page 182 3 International law as philosophy: Germany 1871–1933......Page 195 1871: law as the science of the legal form......Page 198 From form to substance: the doctrine of the rational will......Page 204 Between the dangerous and the illusory State......Page 210 Rechtsstaat – domestic and international: Georg Jellinek......Page 214 Rationalism and politics: a dificulty......Page 222 Drawing lines in the profession......Page 225 Public law and the Hague Treaties......Page 226 A pacifist profession? Kohler, Schücking, and the First World War......Page 229 The internationalists: between sociology and formalism......Page 238 1914......Page 244 Getting organized......Page 247 Beyond Versailles: the end of German internationalism......Page 252 Ways of escape – I: Hans Kelsen and liberalism as science......Page 254 Ways of escape – II: Erich Kaufmann and the conservative reaction......Page 265 Break: the end of philosophy......Page 277 4 International law as sociology: French “solidarism” 1871–1950......Page 282 Internationalism as nationalism: the idea of France......Page 286 From civilists to functionalists 1874–1918: Renault to Pillet......Page 290 Solidarity at the Hague: Léon Bourgeois......Page 300 The theory of solidarism......Page 304 The war of 1914–1918 and solidarism......Page 307 Scientific solidarism: Durkheim and Duguit......Page 313 International solidarity ...almost: Alvarez and Politis......Page 318 Meanwhile in Paris .........Page 325 L’affaire Scelle......Page 332 Solidarity with tradition: Louis Le Fur......Page 333 The solidarity of fact: Georges Scelle......Page 343 Which solidarity? Whose tradition? The Spanish Civil War......Page 354 The European Union......Page 358 The twilight of the idea of France: between politics and pragmatism......Page 364 Tradition in modernity......Page 369 A complete system......Page 377 Between Zionism and assimilation......Page 385 A political commitment......Page 392 Nuremberg and human rights......Page 404 The birth of pragmatism......Page 415 A Grotian tradition?......Page 422 Coda......Page 427 6 Out of Europe: Carl Schmitt, Hans Morgenthau, and the turn to “international relations”......Page 429 A 1950 retrospective......Page 431 Vision of a new order......Page 434 The ambivalences of a Katechon (restrainer)......Page 438 A discipline transforms itself: Schmitt on Scelle and Lauterpacht......Page 440 Against liberal neutralizations and depoliticizations......Page 442 “Whoever invokes humanity wants to cheat”......Page 448 Schmitt and Morgenthau: the primacy of the political......Page 452 Another retrospective......Page 453 International law and politics: an asymmetrical relationship......Page 456 The formation of a German thinker: between law and desire......Page 461 The guardian of international law: sanctions......Page 471 Schmitt and Morgenthau: the pedigree of anti-formalism......Page 475 From international law to international relations......Page 481 The heritage of realism in American international law......Page 490 Empire’s law......Page 496 A culture of formalism?......Page 510 Epilogue......Page 526 Bibliography......Page 534 Index......Page 575 Koskenniemi combines legal analysis, historical and political critique and semi-biographical studies to trace the emergence of a liberal sensibility relating to international matters in the late nineteenth century, and its subsequent decline post Second World War. This highly readable and learned study ends with a critique of post-1960 'instrumentalism' Legal analysis, historical and political critique and biographical studies provide a history of international law

legal Analysis, Historical And Political Critique Of The Rise And Fall Of Modern International Law.