The Ganga River Basin: A Hydrometeorological Approach (Society of Earth Scientists Series)

This book presents an overview of the hydrometeorological and hydrological studies and assists in tackling challenges posed by climate and land use land cover changes. The Ganga River is one of the major living streams on the planet earth and very important river system in India. This holy river is a lifeline for approximately five hundred million people. In the last few decades, River Ganges has been subjected to tremendous pressures with respect to both water quantity and water quality. This situation, already one of the alarming magnitudes, has been further provoked by hydrometeorological changes resulting in droughts, floods and reduced groundwater levels and river flows in addition to the poor river health. Thus, it is imperative to assess the various complexities and possible solutions for better management of River Ganges. This book is a valuable addition to the literature and contributes to research on River Ganges which will help better planning and management of Ganga river basin. The hydrological and hydrometeorological aspects covered in this book help practitioners, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders. Series Editor’s Foreword Introduction Contents About the Editors Water Quality Challenges in Ganga River Basin, India 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Its Water Resources 3 Water Quality Variations 4 Major Causes of Water Quality Degradation 4.1 Wastewater from Metropolitan Cities 4.2 Agricultural Field Runoff 4.3 Discarding of Bio-medical and Solid Wastes 4.4 Washing of Clothes and Animal Cleaning 4.5 Temple Waste Materials 4.6 Use of Lift Canals for the Extraction of Water 4.7 Deforestation in Himalayan Region and Development of Reservoirs 5 Cleaning Efforts from Government of India 5.1 NamamiGange Programme (NGP) 5.2 Ganga Manthan (GM) 5.3 National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) 5.4 National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) 5.5 Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) 5.6 Other Initiatives 6 Summary References Sequential Characterization of Contaminant Plumes Using Feedback Information 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Groundwater Flow and Transport Simulation 2.2 Global Contaminant Mass Estimation 2.3 Optimization Using SA 2.4 Optimization Model Formulation 2.5 Model Application 2.6 Performance Evaluation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using Multivariate Analysis: Rae Bareli District, Ganga Basin, Uttar Pradesh 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 2.3 Analytical Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Principal Component Analysis/Factor Analysis 3.2 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) 3.3 Cluster Analysis 3.4 Piper Analysis 4 Conclusion References A Supervising Grid Model for Identification of Groundwater Pollute 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Groundwater Flow Equation 2.2 Kriging 2.3 Simulated Annealing 3 Performance Evaluation 3.1 Study Area 3.2 Hydro-geological Parameters 3.3 Pumping Well Locations 3.4 Observation Wells 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 The Management Time Period at 2.5 years 4.2 Management Time Period at 7.5 years 5 Conclusion Reference Study of Methods Available for Groundwater and Surfacewater Interaction: A Case Study on Varanasi, India 1 Introduction 2 Background of the Study 2.1 Process Driven by Groundwater 2.2 Processes Driven by Surfacewater 3 A Case Study on Varanasi, City, India 3.1 Study Area 3.2 Data Used and Methodology 3.3 Results and Discussion 4 Concluding Remarks References River Bank Filtration in Indo-Gangetic Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 2.1 Mass Balance Relationships 3 Analysis of Field Data 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References River Discharge Study in River Ganga, Varanasi Using Conventional and Modern Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology 3.1 Configuration Information 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Cross-Section at the Upstream Side 4.2 Cross-Section at the Downstream Side 5 Conclusion References Review on the Field Applications of River Training Structures for River Bank Protection 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 River Training Structures and Field Applications 3.1 Impermeable Structures 3.2 Permeable Structures 4 Conclusion References Comparison of Conceptual and Distributed Hydrological Models for Runoff Estimation in a River Basin 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Study Area and Data 4 Methodology 4.1 SHETRAN Model 4.2 Australian Water Balance Model (AWBM) 4.3 GR4J Model 4.4 Sensitivity Analysis, Model Calibration and Validation 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Monthly Variation in Near Surface Air Temperature Lapse Rate Across Ganga Basin, India 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Lapse Rate 4.2 Temperature Variation with Latitude and Longitude 4.3 Coefficient of Determination 5 Interpolation Accuracy 5.1 Variation of Residual Errors 5.2 Root Mean Square Error 6 Conclusion References Identification of Relationship Between Precipitation and Atmospheric Oscillations in Upper Ganga Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Wavelet Transform 3.3 Test for Serial Correlation 3.4 Mann-Kendall Test 4 Methodology 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Serial Correlation and Seasonality 5.2 Wavelet Transform of Different Time Series 5.3 Identification of Dominant Periodic Component Affecting Trend 6 Conclusion References Utilizing Stream Network for Regional Flood Frequency Analysis in Ganga Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Data Used 4 Methodology Used 5 Results 6 Conclusion References Plotting Positions for the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution: A Critique 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEV) 2.2 Theoretical Reduced Variates of GEV Distribution 2.3 Selection of a Range of Shape Parameter (K) 2.4 Performance Evaluation of the Existing Plotting Positions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Need for Modification of Plotting Positions for GEV Distribution 4 Summary References Application of Machine Learning Techniques for Clustering of Rainfall Time Series Over Ganges River Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology 3.1 Clustering 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Applicability of the InVEST Model for Estimating Water Yield in Upper Ganga Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data Sets 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Sets 2.3 Precipitation and Temperature 2.4 Land Use Land Cover and Soil Maps 3 Methodology 3.1 Lumped Zhang Model 3.2 InVEST Model 4 Results 5 Validation of Results 6 Summary and Conclusions References Current Trends and Projections of Water Resources Under Climate Change in Ganga River Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Trends in Precipitation and Projections 4 Trends in Temperature and Projections 5 Streamflow and Projections 6 Drought and Climate Change 7 Glacier and Climate Change 8 Adaptation Strategy and Future Focuses References Detection of Changes in Twentieth Century Precipitation in the Ganga River Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Summary and Conclusions References Study of Twenty-first Century Precipitation and Temperature Trends Over Ganga River Basin 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Summary and Conclusions References Characteristics of Soil Moisture Droughts in Ganga River Basin During 1948–2015 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Data 3 Methodology 3.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 3.2 Soil Moisture Drought Severity (SMDS) Index 3.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Soil Moisture Response to Space-Time Patterns in Rainfall and Temperature 4.2 Droughts in Ganga River Basin 4.3 Spatial Pattern in Extreme Drought Events 4.4 Impact of Drought on Vegetation 5 Conclusions References Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in the Ganga Basin, India 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 GangaWIS Framework 2.2 Modeling in GangaWIS 3 Application of the Integrated Model 3.1 Scenarios 3.2 Strategies 3.3 Indicators 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion 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