The Gamble

With complete coverage of the basic principles of heat transfer and a broad range of applications in a flexible format, Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications , by Yunus Cengel and Afshin Ghajar provides the perfect blend of fundamentals and applications. The text provides a highly intuitive and practical understanding of the material by emphasizing the physics and the underlying physical phenomena involved. This text covers the standard topics of heat transfer with an emphasis on physics and real-world every day applications, while de-emphasizing mathematical aspects. This approach is designed to take advantage of students' intuition, making the learning process easier and more engaging. Front Cover 1 Quotes on Ethics 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 About the Authors 6 Brief Contents 7 CONTENTS (with direct page links) 8 Preface 15 1- INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 24 1–1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 25 Application Areas of Heat Transfer 26 Historical Background 26 1–2 Engineering Heat Transfer 27 Modeling in Engineering 28 1–3 Heat and Other Forms of Energy 29 Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 30 Energy Transfer 32 1–4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 34 Energy Balance for Closed Systems (Fixed Mass) 35 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 35 Surface Energy Balance 36 1–5 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 40 1–6 Conduction 40 Thermal Conductivity 42 Thermal Diffusivity 45 1–7 Convection 48 1–8 Radiation 50 1–9 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms 53 1–10 Prevention Through Design 58 1–11 Problem-Solving Technique 61 Engineering Software Packages 63 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 64 A Remark on Significant Digits 65 Topic of Special Interest: Thermal Comfort 66 Summary 73 References and Suggested Reading 74 Problems 74 2- HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 90 2–1 Introduction 91 Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer 92 Multidimensional Heat Transfer 93 Heat Generation 95 2–2 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation 96 Heat Conduction Equation in a Large Plane Wall 96 Heat Conduction Equation in a Long Cylinder 98 Heat Conduction Equation in a Sphere 99 Combined One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation 100 2–3 General Heat Conduction Equation 102 Rectangular Coordinates 102 Cylindrical Coordinates 104 Spherical Coordinates 104 2–4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 105 1 Specified Temperature Boundary Condition 107 2 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition 107 Special Case: Insulated Boundary 108 Another Special Case: Thermal Symmetry 108 3 Convection Boundary Condition 109 4 Radiation Boundary Condition 111 5 Interface Boundary Conditions 112 6 Generalized Boundary Conditions 112 2–5 Solution of Steady One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems 114 2–6 Heat Generation in a Solid 127 2–7 Variable Thermal Conductivity, k(T) 135 Topic of Special Interest: A Brief Review of Differential Equations 138 Classification of Differential Equations 140 Solutions of Differential Equations 141 General Solution to Selected Differential Equations 142 Summary 144 References and Suggested Reading 145 Problems 145 3- STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 165 3–1 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls 166 Thermal Resistance Concept 167 Thermal Resistance Network 169 Multilayer Plane Walls 171 3–2 Thermal Contact Resistance 176 Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks 181 3–4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres 184 Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres 186 3–5 Critical Radius of Insulation 190 3–6 Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces 193 Fin Equation 194 Fin Efficiency 199 Fin Effectiveness 201 Proper Length of a Fin 204 3–7 Bioheat Transfer Equation 210 Heat Transfer in Common Configurations 215 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Transfer through Walls and Roofs 220 Summary 230 References and Suggested Reading 232 Problems 232 4- TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 260 4–1 Lumped System Analysis 261 Criteria for Lumped System Analysis 262 Some Remarks on Heat Transfer in Lumped Systems 264 4–2 Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects 267 Nondimensionalized One-Dimensional Transient Conduction Problem 268 Exact Solution of One-Dimensional Transient Conduction Problem 270 Approximate Analytical and Graphical Solutions 273 4–3 Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solids 284 Contact of Two Semi-Infinite Solids 288 4–4 Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems 291 Topic of Special Interest: Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods 299 Control of Microorganisms in Foods 299 Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods 301 Beef Products 302 Poultry Products 306 Summary 310 References and Suggested Reading 312 Problems 312 5- NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION 330 5–1 Why Numerical Methods? 331 1 Limitations 332 2 Better Modeling 332 3 Flexibility 333 4 Complications 333 5 Human Nature 333 5–2 Finite Difference Formulation of Differential Equations 334 5–3 One-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction 337 Boundary Conditions 339 Treating Insulated Boundary Nodes as Interior Nodes: The Mirror Image Concept 341 5–4 Two-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction 348 Boundary Nodes 349 Irregular Boundaries 353 5–5 Transient Heat Conduction 357 Transient Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall 359 Stability Criterion for Explicit Method: Limitation on Δt 361 Two-Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction 370 Topic of Special Interest: Controlling the Numerical Error 375 Discretization Error 375 Round-Off Error 376 Controlling the Error in Numerical Methods 377 Summary 378 References and Suggested Reading 379 Problems 380 6- FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION 402 6–1 Physical Mechanism of Convection 403 Nusselt Number 405 6–2 Classification of Fluid Flows 407 Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 407 Internal versus External Flow 407 Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 407 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 408 Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 408 Steady versus Unsteady Flow 408 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 409 6–3 Velocity Boundary Layer 410 Wall Shear Stress 411 6–4 Thermal Boundary Layer 412 Prandtl Number 413 6–5 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 413 Reynolds Number 414 6–6 Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow 415 6–7 Derivation of Differential Convection Equations 417 The Continuity Equation 418 The Momentum Equations 418 Conservation of Energy Equation 420 6–8 Solutions of Convection Equations for a Flat Plate 424 The Energy Equation 426 6–9 Nondimensionalized Convection Equations and Similarity 428 6–10 Functional Forms of Friction and Convection Coefficients 429 6–11 Analogies Between Momentum and Heat Transfer 430 Topic of Special Interest: Microscale Heat Transfer 433 Summary 436 References and Suggested Reading 437 Problems 438 7- EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 447 7–1 Drag and Heat Transfer in External Flow 448 Friction and Pressure Drag 448 Heat Transfer 450 7–2 Parallel Flow over Flat Plates 451 Friction Coefficient 452 Heat Transfer Coefficient 453 Flat Plate with Unheated Starting Length 455 Uniform Heat Flux 456 7–3 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres 461 Effect of Surface Roughness 463 Heat Transfer Coefficient 465 7–4 Flow across Tube Banks 469 Pressure Drop 472 Summary 476 References and Suggested Reading 477 Problems 478 8- INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 496 8–1 Introduction 497 8–2 Average Velocity and Temperature 498 Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Tubes 499 8–3 The Entrance Region 500 Entry Lengths 502 8–4 General Thermal Analysis 503 Constant Surface Heat Flux (q[sub(s)] = constant) 504 Constant Surface Temperature (T[sub(s)] = constant) 505 8–5 Laminar Flow in Tubes 508 Pressure Drop 510 Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number 512 Constant Surface Heat Flux 512 Constant Surface Temperature 513 Laminar Flow in Noncircular Tubes 514 Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region 515 8–6 Turbulent Flow in Tubes 519 Fully Developed Transitional Flow Heat Transfer 520 Rough Surfaces 521 Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region 523 Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes 523 Flow through Tube Annulus 523 Heat Transfer Enhancement 524 Topic of Special Interest: Transitional Flow in Tubes 530 Pressure Drop in the Transition Region 531 Heat Transfer in the Transition Region 535 Pressure Drop in the Transition Region in Mini and Micro Tubes 540 References 540 Summary 541 References and Suggested Reading 542 Problems 543 9- NATURAL CONVECTION 556 9–1 Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection 557 9–2 Equation of Motion and the Grash of Number 560 The Grash of Number 562 9–3 Natural Convection over Surfaces 563 Vertical Plates (T[sub(s)] = constant) 564 Vertical Plates (q[sub(s)] = constant) 564 Vertical Cylinders 566 Inclined Plates 566 Horizontal Plates 567 Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres 567 9–4 Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces and PCBs 571 Natural Convection Cooling of Finned Surfaces (T[sub(s)] = constant) 571 Natural Convection Cooling of Vertical PCBs (q[sub(s)] = constant) 572 Mass Flow Rate through the Space between Plates 573 9–5 Natural Convection Inside Enclosures 575 Effective Thermal Conductivity 576 Horizontal Rectangular Enclosures 576 Inclined Rectangular Enclosures 577 Vertical Rectangular Enclosures 578 Concentric Cylinders 578 Concentric Spheres 579 Combined Natural Convection and Radiation 579 9–6 Combined Natural and Forced Convection 585 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Transfer through Windows 589 Edge-of-Glass U-Factor of a Window 593 Frame U-Factor 594 Interior and Exterior Surface Heat Transfer Coefficients 594 Overall U-Factor of Windows 595 Summary 600 References and Suggested Reading 601 Problems 602 10- BOILING AND CONDENSATION 621 10–1 Boiling Heat Transfer 622 10–2 Pool Boiling 624 Boiling Regimes and the Boiling Curve 624 Natural Convection Boiling (to Point A on the Boiling Curve) 624 Nucleate Boiling (between Points A and C) 625 Transition Boiling (between Points C and D) 626 Film Boiling (beyond Point D) 626 Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling 627 Nucleate Boiling 627 Peak Heat Flux 628 Minimum Heat Flux 630 Film Boiling 630 Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Pool Boiling 631 10–3 Flow Boiling 635 10–4 Condensation Heat Transfer 636 10–5 Film Condensation 637 Flow Regimes 639 Heat Transfer Correlations for Film Condensation 639 Effect of Vapor Velocity 645 The Presence of Noncondensable Gases in Condensers 645 10–6 Film Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 649 10–7 Dropwise Condensation 651 Topic of Special Interest: Non-Boiling Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer 652 Application of Reynolds Analogy to Non-Boiling Two-Phase Flow 657 References 658 Summary 659 References and Suggested Reading 660 Problems 661 11- HEAT EXCHANGERS 672 11–1 Types of Heat Exchangers 673 11–2 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 676 Fouling Factor 679 11–3 Analysis of Heat Exchangers 683 11–4 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 685 Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers 687 Multipass and Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers: Use of a Correction Factor 688 11–5 The Effectiveness–NTU Method 695 11–6 Selection of Heat Exchangers 708 Heat Transfer Rate 709 Cost 709 Pumping Power 709 Size and Weight 709 Type 710 Materials 710 Other Considerations 710 Topic of Special Interest: The Human Cardiovascular System as a Counter-Current Heat Exchanger 712 Summary 718 References and Suggested Reading 719 Problems 719 12- FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 738 12–1 Introduction 739 12–2 Thermal Radiation 740 12–3 Blackbody Radiation 742 12–4 Radiation Intensity 749 Solid Angle 749 Intensity of Emitted Radiation 750 Incident Radiation 752 Radiosity 752 Spectral Quantities 752 12–5 Radiative Properties 755 Emissivity 755 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity 759 Kirchhoff's Law 762 The Greenhouse Effect 765 12–6 Atmospheric and Solar Radiation 765 Topic of Special Interest: Solar Heat Gain through Windows 770 Summary 777 References and Suggested Reading 778 Problems 779 13- RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 790 13–1 The View Factor 791 13–2 View Factor Relations 794 1 The Reciprocity Relation 795 2 The Summation Rule 798 3 The Superposition Rule 800 4 The Symmetry Rule 801 View Factors between Infinitely Long Surfaces: The Crossed-Strings Method 803 13–3 Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces 805 13–4 Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces 807 Radiosity 807 Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface 808 Net Radiation Heat Transfer between Any Two Surfaces 809 Methods of Solving Radiation Problems 810 Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures 811 Radiation Heat Transfer in Three-Surface Enclosures 813 13–5 Radiation Shields and the Radiation Effects 819 Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements 821 13–6 Radiation Exchange with Emitting and Absorbing Gases 824 Radiation Properties of a Participating Medium 825 Emissivity and Absorptivity of Gases and Gas Mixtures 826 Topic of Special Interest: Heat Transfer from the Human Body 833 Summary 837 References and Suggested Reading 838 Problems 839 14- MASS TRANSFER 858 14–1 Introduction 859 14–2 Analogy Between Heat and Mass Transfer 860 Temperature 861 Conduction 861 Heat Generation 861 Convection 862 14–3 Mass Diffusion 862 1 Mass Basis 862 2 Mole Basis 863 Special Case: Ideal Gas Mixtures 864 Fick's Law of Diffusion: Stationary Medium Consisting of Two Species 864 14–4 Boundary Conditions 868 14–5 Steady Mass Diffusion Through a Wall 873 14–6 Water Vapor Migration in Buildings 877 14–7 Transient Mass Diffusion 882 14–8 Diffusion in a Moving Medium 884 Special Case: Gas Mixtures at Constant Pressure and Temperature 888 Diffusion of Vapor through a Stationary Gas: Stefan Flow 889 Equimolar Counter diffusion 891 14–9 Mass Convection 896 Analogy Between Friction, Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer Coefficients 900 Special Case: Pr ∞ Sc ∞ 1 (Reynolds Analogy) 900 General Case: Pr ≠ Sc ≠ 1 (Chilton–Colburn Analogy) 901 Limitation on the Heat–Mass Convection Analogy 902 Mass Convection Relations 902 14–10 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer 905 Summary 911 References and Suggested Reading 913 Problems 913 APPENDICES 930 1: PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 930 Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances 931 Table A–2 Boiling and freezing point properties 932 Table A–3 Properties of solid metals 935 Table A–4 Properties of solid nonmetals 936 Table A–5 Properties of building materials 938 Table A–6 Properties of insulating materials 939 Table A–7 Properties of common foods 941 Table A–8 Properties of miscellaneous materials 942 Table A–9 Properties of saturated water 943 Table A–10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 944 Table A–11 Properties of saturated ammonia 945 Table A–12 Properties of saturated propane 946 Table A–13 Properties of liquids 947 Table A–14 Properties of liquid metals 948 Table A–15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 949 Table A–16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 951 Table A–17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 952 Table A–18 Emissivities of surfaces 954 Table A–19 Solar radiative properties of materials 955 FIGURE A–20 The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes 956 2: PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 958 Table A–1E Molar mass, gas constant, andideal-gas specific heats of some substances 959 Table A–2E Boiling and freezing point properties 960 Table A–3E Properties of solid metals 962 Table A–4E Properties of solid nonmentals 963 Table A–5E Properties of building materials 965 Table A–6E Properties of insulating materials 966 Table A–7E Properties of common foods 968 Table A–8E Properties of miscellaneous materials 969 Table A–9E Properties of saturated water 970 Table A–10E Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 971 Table A–11E Properties of saturated ammonia 972 Table A–12E Properties of saturated propane 973 Table A–3E Properties of liquids 974 Table A–14E Properties of liquid metals 975 Table A–15E Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 976 Table A–16E Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 978 Table A–17E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 979 INDEX 980 A-B 980 C 981 D 981 E 982 F-G 983 H 984 I 985 K-L 985 M 986 N-O 987 P 987 R 988 S 989 T 990 U-V-W-X 991 WEB CHAPTERS 993 15- COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT 993 15–1 Introduction and History 994 15–2 Manufacturing of Electronic Equipment 995 15–3 Cooling Load of Electronic Equipment 1001 15–4 Thermal Environment 1002 15–5 Electronics Cooling in Different Applications 1003 15–6 Conduction Cooling 1005 15–7 Air Cooling: Natural Convection and Radiation 1020 15–8 Air Cooling: Forced Convection 1028 15–9 Liquid Cooling 1041 15–10 Immersion Cooling 1044 End-of-Chapter Material 1049 16- HEATING AND COOLING OF BUILDINGS 1063 16–1 A Brief History 1064 16–2 Human Body and Thermal Comfort 1065 16–3 Heat Transfer from the Human Body 1070 16–4 Design Conditions for Heating and Cooling 1074 16–5 Heat Gain from People, Lights, and Appliances 1083 16–6 Heat Transfer through Walls and Roofs 1088 16–7 Heat Loss from Basement Walls and Floors 1098 16–8 Heat Transfer through Windows 1104 16–9 Solar Heat Gain through Windows 1114 16–10 Infiltration Heat Load and Weatherizing 1121 16–11 Annual Energy Consumption 1125 End-of-Chapter Material 1131 17- REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING OF FOODS 1149 17–1 Control of Microorganisms in Foods 1150 17–2 Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods 1152 17–3 Thermal Properties of Food 1157 17–4 Refrigeration of Fruits and Vegetables 1161 17–5 Refrigeration of Meats, Poultry, and Fish 1168 17–6 Refrigeration of Eggs, Milk, and Bakery Products 1177 17–7 Refrigeration Load of Cold Storage Rooms 1182 17–8 Transportation of Refrigerated Foods 1189 End-of-Chapter Material 1194 Errata 992 This text provides a complete coverage of the basic principles of heat transfer and a broad range of applications. Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus Çengel and Afshin Ghajar provide the perfect blend of fundamentals and applications. The text provides a highly intuitive and practical understanding of the material by emphasizing the physics and the underlying physical phenomena involved. This text covers the standard topics of heat transfer with an emphasis on physics and real-world every day applications, while de-emphasizing the intimidating mathematical aspects. This approach is designed to take advantage of students' intuition, making the learning process easier and more engaging