The Galapagos Marine Reserve: A Dynamic Social-ecological System (social And Ecological Interactions In The Galapagos Islands)

This Book Focuses On How Marine Systems Respond To Natural And Anthropogenic Perturbations (enso, Overfishing, Pollution, Tourism, Invasive Species, Climate-change). Authors Explain In Their Chapters How This Information Can Guide Management And Conservation Actions To Help Orient And Better Manage, Restore And Sustain The Ecosystems Services And Goods That Are Derived From The Ocean, While Considering The Complex Issues That Affect The Delicate Nature Of The Islands. This Book Will Contribute To A New Understanding Of The Galapagos Islands And Marine Ecosystems. Part I: Synthesis Of Populations, Communities And Ecosystem Processes In The Gmr -- Coral Research In The Galápagos Islands, Ecuador -- Elasmobranchs Of The Galapagos Marine Reserve -- The Galapagos Sea Lion: Adaptation To Spatial And Temporal Diversity Of Marine Resources Within The Archipelago -- Reduced Complexity Of Foraging Behavior Of The Galapagos Sea Lion Inferred From A Multiple Approach Analysis -- Ecosystem Based Management -- Remote Sensing Of The Marine Environment: Challenges And Opportunities In The Galapagos Islands Of Ecuador -- Part Ii: Coupled Socio-ecological Marine Systems -- Development Of The Galapagos Marine Reserve -- Fishery Science In Galapagos: From A Resource-focused To A Social-ecological System Approach -- Collaborative Approach To Fisheries Management As A Way To Increase The Effectiveness Of Future Regulations In The Galapagos Archipelago -- The Birth Of Sport Fishing In The Galapagos Marine Reserve: adaptation, Emergence And Complexities -- Shifting Baselines In The Galapagos Whitefish Fishery: Using Fisher’s Anecdotes To Reassess Fisheries Management: The Case Of The Galapagos Grouper -- Pollution As An Emerging Threat For The Conservation Of The Galapagos Marine Reserve: Environmental Impacts And Management Perspectives -- Assessing Human Wildlife Conflicts And Benefits Of Galapagos Sea Lions On San Cristobal Island -- Index. Edited By Judith Denkinger, Luis Vinueza. Foreword 6 Series Preface 8 Book Series ``Social and Ecological Sustainability in the Galapagos Islands ́ ́ 8 Contents 10 List of Contributors 12 Part I: Synthesis of Populations, Communities and Ecosystem Processes in the GMR 16 Chapter 1: Coral Research in the Galpagos Islands, Ecuador 17 Introduction 17 Coral Reefs and Coral Communities 19 Coral Research: A Historical Sketch 21 Responses of Corals to Broad-Scale Impacts 27 Anthropogenic Stress on Galápagos Corals 31 References 34 Chapter 2: Elasmobranchs of the Galapagos Marine Reserve 37 Introduction 38 Legislation 40 Distribution and Relative Abundance 42 Key Habitats 45 Adult Aggregations 45 Juvenile Nursery Areas 49 Comparative Movement Patterns 51 Regional Connectivity 53 Whale Sharks and Giant Mantas: Visiting Migrants 57 Human Interactions 62 Fishing 62 Illegal Fishing 63 Dive Tourism 63 Shark Attacks 64 Potential Impact of the Marine Reserve 65 A Growing Focus for Research 67 References 69 Chapter 3: The Galapagos Sea Lion: Adaptation to Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Marine Resources Within the Archipelago 74 Introduction 74 Development to Independence 76 Mating System and Its Implications for Social Structure 77 Female Maturation and Reproduction: Maternal Care and Sibling Competition 78 Use of the Marine Environment 79 Threats to the Species 80 Implications for Conservation and Management 80 References 81 Chapter 4: Flexibility in the Foraging Strategies of the Galapagos Sea Lion Inferred from a Multiple Approach Analysis 84 Introduction 85 Materials and Methods 86 Stable Isotope Analysis 87 Remote Sensor Analysis 88 Results 88 Discussion 89 References 92 Chapter 5: Ecosystem-Based Management for Rocky Shores of the Galapagos Islands 94 Introduction 94 EBM Efforts in Galapagos 94 Methods 96 San Cristobal 97 Implementation of EBM Scheme on San Cristobal 98 Scope and Goals of EBM 99 Ecosystem Services 102 Threats to Galapagos Rocky Shores 102 Tourism: The Main Driver of Change 106 Ocean-Based Impacts 107 Invasive Species 107 Fishing 109 Land-Based Impacts 109 Climate Change 110 Indicators 110 Monitoring 114 Adaptive Management 114 Marine Iguanas 114 Cumulative Impacts 115 Ecological Restoration 116 Increasing the Resilience of Galapagos Rocky Shores SES 116 References 117 Chapter 6: Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment: Challenges and Opportunities in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador 121 Introduction 122 Key Variables in Marine Remote Sensing 123 Sea Surface Temperature 123 Ocean Color and Derived Variables 124 Surface Roughness and Waves 125 Currents and General Circulation 125 Sea Surface Salinity 126 Key Themes in Marine Remote Sensing 128 Habitat and Migration 128 Fisheries 129 Vulnerability and Hazards 129 Mangroves 130 Beaches 130 Image Analysis 131 Classification 131 Indices and Derivatives 131 Change Detection 132 Data Fusion 132 Marine Remote Sensing in Galapagos 133 Ancillary Data to Calibrate/Validate Marine Remote Sensing 134 Bathymetry 134 Local Knowledge and Citizen Science 135 Summary and Conclusions 137 References 138 Part II: Coupled Socio-Ecological Marine Systems 149 Chapter 7: Development of the Galpagos Marine Reserve 150 The First Steps 150 Work of Jerry Wellington and Proposal of Marine Extension of GNP 1974-1976 151 First Workshop in San Cristobal on Extension of GNP 152 National Planning Activities in the Early 1980s 154 The Galapagos Marine Resource Reserve 1986 155 Preparation and Declaration 155 Planning the Reserve: The First Approach 156 Management Issues of the Marine Resource Reserve 157 Management Category 157 Governance 157 Zoning 158 The Second Planning Approach: The 1992 Management Plan 159 The 1994 Workshop for Revision of the Management Plan and Processes Leading to Final Marine Reserve Project 164 Discussions on a Special Law for the Galpagos and the Creation of the Ministry of the Environment 166 Preparation of the Special Galpagos Law and the Declaration of the Galapagos Marine Reserve 166 References 168 Chapter 8: Fishery Science in Galapagos: From a Resource-Focused to a Social-Ecological Systems Approach 170 Introduction 170 The Origin and Early Development of Fishery Science in the Galapagos Islands (1788-1991) 172 Advances of Fishery Science in the Galapagos from 1992 to 2013 176 The Influence of the Sea Cucumber Fishery (1992-1998) 177 Co-management of the GMR (1998-2013) 178 Limitations to the Progress of Fishery Science (1998-2013) 182 The Transition from a Resource-Focused to a Social-Ecological Systems Approach: A Work in Progress 183 Participatory Development of a New Fishery Management Plan 185 Transition Challenges 186 Building Institutional Resilience 187 References 190 Chapter 9: Collaborative Approach to Fisheries Management as a Way to Increase the Effectiveness of Future Regulations in the ... 197 Introduction 197 Methods 200 Study Area 200 Interviews 200 Analysis 201 Results 201 Survey Results 202 Perception of Fishers Towards Research Aimed at Advising Management 202 Perception of Fishers Towards Participation in Studies 204 Income Alternatives to Fishing 204 Discussion 206 Perceptions Towards Scientific Studies 206 Perceptions Towards Participation in Scientific Studies 206 Options for Alternative Income 207 Drawbacks of Collaborative Approaches 208 Applying Collaborative Research in the Galapagos Islands 209 Conclusions 210 References 210 Chapter 10: The Emergence of Recreational Fishing in the Galpagos Marine Reserve: Adaptation and Complexities 213 Introduction 213 Fisheries as Complex Adaptive Systems 215 Fisheries, Complexity, and Power 216 Methods 217 Pesca Vivencial: A Very Brief Social History 218 Setting the Stage 218 The Stakeholders and Visions of Pesca Vivencial 219 Regulatory Evolution 221 Between Two Worlds: Tourism and Fisheries 224 Fishing Practices and Participants 226 Feedbacks: Bringing Together the Ecological and the Social 227 Pesca Vivencial: A Complex and Adaptive History? 229 The Multiplicity of Complex Adaptive Feedbacks 231 Political Dimensions of Complex Adaptive Feedbacks 232 Conclusion 233 References 234 Chapter 11: Shifting Baselines in the Galapagos White Fin Fishery, Using Fisher ́s Anecdotes to Reassess Fisheries Management: ... 237 Introduction 237 Research Site 239 Methods 240 Results 241 Fishermen Characterization 241 Fishers ́ Perceptions of the White Fin Fishery Depletion 242 Fisher ́s Perceptions of Decline in Indicator Species (Mycteroperca olfax) 245 Discussion and Conclusions 246 Appendix 252 References 254 Online References 256 Chapter 12: Pollution as an Emerging Threat for the Conservation of the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Environmental Impacts and Ma... 257 Introduction 258 Declining Wildlife in Galapagos: Impact of Environmental Stressors 260 Pollution Sources and Impacts in the GMR 262 Anthropogenic Impacts: Characterization and Assessment 262 Human Population Growth: Production and Incineration of Solid Waste 263 The Solid Tide: Marine Debris 265 The Black Tide: Marine Pollution by Oil Spills and Hydrocarbons 267 The Silent Pollution: Impact of Persistent Organic Pollutants 270 Agriculture and Pesticide Use 274 Biological Pollution and Invasive Pathogens 275 Management Implications and Research Needs 281 Conservation Threats 281 Management Actions and Mitigation Measures 282 Appendix 284 References 286 Chapter 13: Assessing Human-Wildlife Conflicts and Benefits of Galpagos Sea Lions on San Cristobal Island, Galpagos 294 Introduction 294 Study Area and Social Background of San Cristobal and Galpagos 296 Methods 298 Human Perception of Sea Lions 298 Sea Lion Behavior 299 Human Impact and Sea Lion Conservation 300 Results 300 Human Perceptions of Sea Lions 300 Sea Lion and Human Interactions 301 Human Impact and Conservation Issues of Sea Lions at San Cristobal 301 Discussion 305 Conclusions 311 References 311 Online References 314 Index 315 Front Matter....Pages i-xiv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Coral Research in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador....Pages 3-22 Elasmobranchs of the Galapagos Marine Reserve....Pages 23-59 The Galapagos Sea Lion: Adaptation to Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Marine Resources Within the Archipelago....Pages 61-70 Flexibility in the Foraging Strategies of the Galapagos Sea Lion Inferred from a Multiple Approach Analysis....Pages 71-80 Ecosystem-Based Management for Rocky Shores of the Galapagos Islands....Pages 81-107 Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment: Challenges and Opportunities in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador....Pages 109-136 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Development of the Galápagos Marine Reserve....Pages 139-158 Fishery Science in Galapagos: From a Resource-Focused to a Social–Ecological Systems Approach....Pages 159-185 Collaborative Approach to Fisheries Management as a Way to Increase the Effectiveness of Future Regulations in the Galapagos Archipelago....Pages 187-202 The Emergence of Recreational Fishing in the Galápagos Marine Reserve: Adaptation and Complexities....Pages 203-226 Shifting Baselines in the Galapagos White Fin Fishery, Using Fisher’s Anecdotes to Reassess Fisheries Management: The Case of the Galapagos Grouper....Pages 227-246 Pollution as an Emerging Threat for the Conservation of the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Environmental Impacts and Management Perspectives....Pages 247-283 Assessing Human–Wildlife Conflicts and Benefits of Galápagos Sea Lions on San Cristobal Island, Galápagos....Pages 285-305 Back Matter....Pages 307-314 Focusing on how marine systems respond to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, the authors explain how to guide management and conservation actions to help orient and better manage, restore and sustain the ecosystems services and goods that are derived from the ocean.-- Source other than Library of Congress