The Future of Identity in the Information Society : Challenges and Opportunities

Digitising personal information is changing our ways of identifying persons and managing relations. What used to be a "natural" identity, is now as virtual as a user account at a web portal, an email address, or a mobile phone number. It is subject to diverse forms of identity management in business, administration, and among citizens. Core question and source of conflict is who owns how much identity information of whom and who needs to place trust into which identity information to allow access to resources. This book presents multidisciplinary answers from research, government, and industry. Research from states with different cultures on the identification of citizens and ID cards is combined towards analysis of HighTechIDs and Virtual Identities, considering privacy, mobility, profiling, forensics, and identity related crime. "FIDIS has put Europe on the global map as a place for high quality identity management research." –V. Reding, Commissioner, Responsible for Information Society and Media (EU) Table of Contents......Page 10 1. Introduction......Page 18 1.1.1 One Identity or Many? Identity Unification vs. Identity Differentiation......Page 19 1.1.2 Identity in Different Areas of the Information Society......Page 20 1.2 The Role of FIDIS......Page 22 1.3.1 Basic Concepts......Page 23 1.3.2 Identity and Advanced Technologies......Page 24 1.3.3 Identity and Society......Page 26 1.3.4 The Vignettes......Page 27 1.3.5 The Annexes......Page 28 VIGNETTE 1: PUTTING THE MACHINES IN CONTROL......Page 30 2.1 Defining the Identity Concept......Page 36 2.2 Conceptualisation......Page 41 2.3 Identity of Identity Defined (Formal Conceptualisation)......Page 52 2.4 Identity Use Cases and Scenarios......Page 65 2.5 Making Use of the New (Web 2.0) Participatory Tools......Page 76 2.6 Conclusion and Outlooks......Page 78 References......Page 79 Appendix: Table of FIDIS Web 2.0 Initiatives......Page 83 VIGNETTE 2: VIRTUALLY LIVING IN VIRTUAL REALITIES......Page 88 3. Virtual Persons and Identities......Page 92 3.1 Modelling New Forms of Identities......Page 93 3.2 Pseudonyms in the Light of Virtual Persons......Page 102 3.3 Virtual Persons and the Law......Page 109 3.4 Trust in the Light of Virtual Persons......Page 114 References......Page 134 VIGNETTE 3: USE AND ABUSE OF BIOMETRIC DATA AND SOCIAL NETWORKS......Page 140 4. High-Tech ID and Emerging Technologies......Page 146 4.1 Identity Management and Identity Management Systems......Page 147 4.2 Technologies and Technical Components......Page 150 4.3 Supporting Technologies......Page 175 4.4 Emerging Technologies......Page 189 4.5 Use Cases......Page 193 4.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 200 References......Page 202 VIGNETTE 4: POWERING THE PROFILE: PLUGGING INTO THE MOBILE GRID......Page 208 5. Mobility and Identity......Page 212 5.1 GSM – How Mobile Communication Achieved Its Special Role in Identity Management......Page 213 5.2 Mobile Identities – Context Added......Page 215 5.4 Technological Aspects......Page 219 5.5 Legal Aspects......Page 232 5.6 Sociological Aspects......Page 238 5.7 Economic Aspects......Page 242 5.8 Requirements for Mobile Identity Management Systems......Page 254 5.9 Outlook and Further Challenges and Questions......Page 255 References......Page 257 VIGNETTE 5: HUMAN ENHANCEMENT, ROBOTS, AND THE FIGHT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS......Page 260 6.1 Introduction......Page 262 6.2 Interoperable Identity Management Systems: Definitions and Framework......Page 264 6.3 Stakeholders Perspectives on Interoperable iDMS......Page 271 References......Page 282 Appendix: Experts......Page 284 VIGNETTE 6: MORE CONTROL FOR THE MACHINES......Page 286 7. Profiling and AmI......Page 290 7.1 Profiling: Definitions, Applications and Risks......Page 292 7.2 Profiling Technologies as the Enabling Technology for AmI......Page 303 7.3 When Idem Meets Ipse: The Identity of the European Citizen......Page 309 7.4 A Vision of Ambient Law......Page 312 7.5 Conclusions......Page 322 References......Page 324 VIGNETTE 7: THE ROLE OF FORENSICS IN IDENTITY......Page 328 8.1 Introduction......Page 332 8.2 Identity-Related Crime......Page 333 8.3 Forensic Implications......Page 346 8.4 Forensic Profiling......Page 350 8.5 Conclusion......Page 361 Reference......Page 362 VIGNETTE 8: DATING......Page 366 9.1 Introduction......Page 368 9.2 Privacy Aware Concepts for ID Numbers......Page 370 9.3 Privacy Primitives and Applications......Page 379 9.4 Privacy with Delegation of Personal Data......Page 389 9.5 Towards Transparency......Page 402 References......Page 403 10.1 Identity Reference Architectures......Page 408 10.2 Identity Management and Privacy......Page 410 10.3 Identity Management and Multilateral Security......Page 413 10.4 Identity in the Internet of Things......Page 415 A.1 Communication Infrastructure (WP1)......Page 418 A.2 Taxonomy: Identity of Identity (WP2)......Page 419 A.3 HighTechID: Technologies to Support Identity and Identification (WP3)......Page 421 A.4 Interoperability of Identity and Identification Concepts (WP4)......Page 426 A.5 ID-Theft, Privacy and Security (WP5)......Page 431 A.6 Forensic Implications (WP6)......Page 434 A.7 Profiling (WP7)......Page 435 A.8 Integration of the NoE (WP8)......Page 439 A.9 Mobility and Identity (WP11)......Page 440 A.10 Emerging Technologies (WP12)......Page 442 A.11 Privacy Fundamentals (WP13)......Page 444 A.12 Privacy in Business Processes (WP14)......Page 447 A.14 Abstract Persons (WP17)......Page 449 Appendix B: Contributors......Page 452 Appendix C: FIDIS Consortium......Page 474 D.2 Terminology......Page 494 D.4 Metasystem Requirements in the Light of Multilateral Security......Page 497 D.5 Abstract Model of the Identity Metasystem......Page 502 D.6 Enabling Technologies......Page 512 D.7 Administration......Page 515 D.8 Standardisation......Page 516 B......Page 518 D......Page 519 I......Page 520 M......Page 521 P......Page 522 W......Page 524 V......Page 525 Digitising personal information is changing our ways of identifying persons and managing relations, e.g. over the Internet. What used to be a "natural" identity, e.g. the personal appearance of an individual at a counter, is now as virtual as a user account at a web portal, an email address, or a mobile phone number. It is subject to diverse forms of identity management in business, administration, and among citizens. Core question and source of conflict is who owns how much identity information of whom and who needs to place trust into which identity information to allow access to resources. This book presents answers from the EU funded research project FIDIS (Future of Identity in the Information Society), a multidisciplinary endeavor of 24 leading institutions from research, government, and industry. Research from states with different cultures on e.g. the identification of citizens and ID cards is combined towards a well-founded analysis of HighTechIDs and Virtual Identities, considering aspects, such as privacy, mobility, interoperability, profiling, forensics, and identity related crime. "FIDIS has put Europe on the global map as a place for high quality identity management research."--Viviane Reding, Member of the European Commission, Responsible for Information Society and Media