The Fundamentals of Materials Chemistry

The need for functional material is an important issue in the modern world as they play a significant role in our everyday life. New materials are used in technological advancements such as optical, magnetic, structural, or catalytic capabilities. Due to their high importance and significance in our life, many schools offer material chemistry courses and programs around the world. However, there is still a need for a textbook that covers different materials from both structure and property perspective. This book provides in-depth technical knowledge on material chemistry and their applications. It includes fundamental and history of material, as well as chemistry and application of common advanced materials. It has 8 chapters covering fundamentals of materials chemistry, solid materials, semiconductors, polymers, carbon materials, nanomaterials, composites and finally, common material characterization techniques. The information presented in this book is useful for chemistry, physics, and engineering students. It is also particularly valuable for industry researchers as a starting point for learning about materials. Cover Half Title Fundamentals of Materials Chemistry Copyright About the Editor Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Preface 1. Introduction to Materials Chemistry Contents 1.1. Introduction 1.2. History of Materials Chemistry 1.3. Factors in the Design of New Materials 1.4. Design of New Materials Through A “Critical Thinking” Method References 2. Solid-State Chemistry Contents 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Amorphous Vs. Crystalline Solids 2.3. Types of Bonding In Solids 2.3.1. Ionic Solids 2.3.2. Metallic Solods 2.3.3. Molecular Solids 2.3.4. Covalent Network Solids 2.4. The Crystalline State 2.5. The Amorphous State 2.5.1. Sol-Gel Processing 2.5.2. Glasses 2.5.3. Cementious Materials References 3. Chemistry of Semiconducting Materials Contents 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Characteristics and Kinds of Semiconductors 3.3. Semiconducting Nanowires 3.4. Silicon-Dependent Uses 3.5. Thermoelectric (TE) Materials 3.6. Important Materials Uses: Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells References 4. Fundamentals of Polymeric Materials Contents 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The History of the Concept of the Macromolecule 4.3. Classification of Polymers 4.4. Structure and Properties of Polymers 4.5. Thermoplastic Polymers 4.5.1. Poly(Ethylene) 4.5.2. Poly(Propylene) 4.5.3. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) 4.5.4. Poly(Styrene) 4.5.5. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 4.5.6. The Nylons 4.6. Thermosetting Polymers 4.6.1. Epoxy Resins 4.6.2. Phenol-Formaldehyde Polymers 4.6.3. Amino Resins 4.6.4. Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 4.6.5. Polyurethanes 4.6.6. Poly(Ether-Ether Ketone) 4.6.7. Silicones 4.7. Naturally Occurring Polymers 4.7.1. Cellulose 4.7.2. Starch 4.7.3. Natural Rubber 4.7.4. Proteins 4.7.5. Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) References 5. Introduction to Carbon Materials Contents 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The Graphite Family 5.2.1. Graphite and Turbostratic Carbon 5.2.2. Carbon Fibers and the Nanofibers 5.2.3. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 5.2.4. Intercalated Graphite 5.2.5. Graphite Oxide 5.2.6. Exfoliated Graphite 5.2.7. Flexible Graphite 5.2.8. Graphene 5.2.9. Activated Carbon 5.2.10. Carbon Black 5.2.11. Carbon-Carbon Composites 5.3. The Diamond Class 5.3.1. Diamond 5.3.2. Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) 5.3.3. Graphene 5.4. The Fullerene Family References 6. Chemistry of Nanomaterials Contents 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Fundamentals of Nanomaterials 6.2.1. Definitions 6.2.2. Occurrence of Nanomaterials 6.2.3. History of Nanomaterials 6.3. Characteristics of Nanoparticles (NPS) 6.3.1. Dimensions of Nanoparticles (NPs) 6.3.2. The Nanoparticle Morphology 6.3.3. Nanoparticles (NPs) Chemical Composition 6.4. Classification of Nanomaterials 6.4.1. Importance of Nanomaterials 6.4.2. Examples of Nanomaterials 6.5. Properties of Nanomaterials 6.5.1. Optical Properties 6.5.2. Electrical Properties 6.5.3. Mechanical Properties 6.5.4. Magnetic Properties 6.6. Nanomaterial Processing and Synthesis 6.6.1. Mechanical Grinding 6.6.2. Nanomaterials Wet Chemical Synthesis 6.6.2.1. Sol–Gel Process 6.6.2.2. Nanomaterial’s Gas-Phase synthesis 6.6.3. Furnace Synthesis 6.6.4. Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Assisted by Flame 6.6.5. Gas Condensation Processing (GPC) 6.6.6. Chemical Vapor Condensation (CVC) 6.6.6.1. Microwave (MW) Plasma Processing 6.6.6.2. Particle Precipitation Aided CVD 6.6.7. Laser Ablation 6.6.8. Sputtered Plasma Processing 6.7. Accumulation and Uniformity of Nanoparticles (NPS) 6.8. Characterization of Nanoparticles (NPS) 6.9. Application of Nanomaterials 6.9.1. Fuel Cells 6.9.2. Catalysis 6.9.3. Phosphors for High-Definition Screens 6.9.4. Next-Generation Computer Chips 6.9.5. Nanowires for Junctionless Transistors 6.9.6. Elimination of Pollutants 6.9.7. Sun-Screen Lotion 6.9.8. Sensors References 7. Introduction to Composite Materials Contents 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPS) 7.3. Science of Composite Materials 7.4. Orthotropic, Isotropic, and Anisotropic Materials 7.4.1. Element of Isotropic Material Under Stress 7.4.2. Elements of Composite Materials Under Stress 7.5. Rule of Mixtures and Curing of Composites 7.5.1. Rule of Mixtures 7.5.2. Curing Processes 7.6. Composites Versus Metallic Materials 7.7. Drawbacks and Advantages of Composite Materials 7.8. Fabrication Process for Composite Materials 7.8.1. Injection Molding 7.8.2. Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) 7.8.3. Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion 7.8.4. Compression Molding 7.8.5. Hand Lay-Up 7.8.6. Spray Up 7.8.7. Filament Winding 7.8.8. Pultrusion 7.8.9. Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) References 8. Characterization Techniques for Different Materials Contents 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Electromagnetic Spectroscopy 8.3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 8.4. Light Scattering Techniques 8.5. Electron Microscopy 8.5.1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 8.5.2. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 8.6. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 8.7. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) References Index Cover back