The Fundamentals of Human Factors Design for Volunteered Geographic Information (SpringerBriefs in Geography)

This Book Explores The Roles In Which Volunteered And Professional Information Play Within Neogeography From A Human Factors Perspective. The Unique Advantages Of Each Information Type Are Considered Alongside How They May Be Utilised To Create Products And Services Delivering Highly Functional, Efficient And Satisfying Experiences To Their Users. The Overall Aim Of This Book Is To Address The Issue Of How Volunteered Geographic Information (vgi) Can Be Combined With Professional Geographic Information (pgi) To Satisfy The Information Search Requirements Of Consumer-users Via Highly Usable Mashups. Firstly, This Required The Development Of An Understanding Of The Way Different Users Perceive Vgi And Pgi In Terms Of Its Benefits To Their Activities And Information Needs. Secondly, The Benefits That Vgi May Bring To The User Experience Of A Mashup (which Cannot Be Attained Through The Use Of Pgi) Needed To Be Understood. In Order To Achieve This, A User Centred Design Perspective Was Implemented Throughout The Research. Introduction -- A Framework Of Neogeography -- Scoping Study: User Perceptions Of Vgi In Neogeography -- Study Two: Understanding Design With Vgi Using An Information Relevance Framework -- Data Generation: Vgi And Pgi Data Sets -- Study Three: Assessing The Impact Of Vgi -- Conclusion. By Christopher J. Parker. Contents 6 1 Introduction 10 1.1...The Rise of Volunteered Information 10 1.2...The Fundamental Issues 11 1.2.1 Neogeography, Volunteers and Users 11 1.2.2 Users of Volunteered Information 13 1.2.3 Data Richness of Volunteered Information 14 1.2.4 Trust in Volunteered Information 15 1.3...General Aim of Book 16 References 16 2 A Framework of Neogeography 19 2.1...Introduction 19 2.2...Background Literature 20 2.2.1 The Nature of Neogeography 20 2.2.2 Issues with Current Taxonomies 22 2.3...A Framework of Neogeography 23 2.3.1 A Terminology of Neogeography 23 2.3.2 A Framework for Neogeography 24 2.4...Discussion 26 2.5...Conclusion 28 References 28 3 Scoping Study: User Perceptions of VGI in Neogeography 31 3.1...Introduction 31 3.2...Aims 31 3.3...Study Rationale 32 3.3.1 Selection of VGI Platforms 32 3.3.2 Investigation Overview 33 3.4...Part A: Participatory Observation 33 3.4.1 Methods 33 3.4.1.1 Participant Selection 33 3.4.1.2 Observation Design 34 3.4.1.3 Procedure 34 3.4.1.4 Analysis 34 3.4.2 Results and Analysis 35 3.5...Part B: Interviews 37 3.5.1 Methods 37 3.5.1.1 Participant Selection 37 3.5.1.2 Theoretical Justification 38 3.5.1.3 Interview Design 39 3.5.1.4 Procedure 40 3.5.1.5 Data Analysis 40 3.5.2 Results and Analysis 40 3.5.2.1 User Relationships 41 3.5.2.2 Inter-User Data Flow 41 3.5.3 Multidimensional Value Dimensions 42 3.5.3.1 Emotional Value 42 3.5.3.2 Functional Value 43 3.5.3.3 Knowledge Value 44 3.5.3.4 Legal Value 45 3.5.3.5 Moral Value 45 3.5.3.6 Price Value 45 3.5.3.7 Social Value 46 3.5.4 General User Perspectives 46 3.5.4.1 Map Product Use 46 3.5.4.2 Information Use 47 3.5.4.3 Accuracy 47 3.5.4.4 Influence on VGI 48 3.6...Discussion 48 3.6.1 User Value Dimensions 48 3.6.2 Spatial-Data Infrastructure (SDI) Relationships 50 3.7...Conclusions 50 3.7.1 Relating to the Project Aims 50 3.7.2 Relating to the Research Questions 53 References 53 4 Study Two: Understanding Design with VGI Using an Information Relevance Framework 56 4.1...Introduction 56 4.2...Aims 57 4.3...Study Rationale 57 4.3.1 Selection of Study Community 57 4.3.2 Investigation Overview 58 4.4...Study Two A: Participatory Observation 58 4.4.1 Methods 58 4.4.1.1 Participant Sampling 58 4.4.1.2 Data Collection 59 4.4.1.3 Data Analysis 59 4.4.2 Results and Analysis 60 4.5...Study Two B: Focus Groups 61 4.5.1 Methods 61 4.5.1.1 Participant Sampling 61 4.5.1.2 Data Collection 62 4.5.1.3 Data Analysis 62 4.5.1.4 Results and Analysis 63 4.5.1.5 Hierarchical Task Analysis 63 4.5.1.6 Relevance of Information Sources 67 4.5.1.7 Sources of External Information 67 4.6...Discussion 72 4.6.1 Impact of Information Depth and Scope in Understanding the Outdoor Environment 72 4.6.2 Influence of Information Currency 77 4.6.3 Importance of Real Time Information 78 4.6.4 Importance of Information Access 79 4.6.5 Importance of Trust in Information 79 4.6.6 Volunteer Reporting of Activity Experiences 81 4.7...Conclusions 81 References 83 5 Data Generation: VGI and PGI Data Sets 86 5.1...Introduction 86 5.2...Research Aims 87 5.3...Study Rational 87 5.3.1 Selection of a Study Community 87 5.3.2 Selection of a Geographic Location for Research 88 5.3.3 Selection of Travel Routes 88 5.3.4 Selection of the Mashup Base Map 88 5.4...Investigation Overview 89 5.5...Part A: VGI Data 89 5.5.1 Methods 89 5.5.1.1 Participant Sampling 89 5.5.1.2 Data Collection 90 5.5.1.3 Procedure 91 5.5.1.4 Analysis 91 5.5.2 Results and Analysis 92 5.6...Part B: PGI Data 92 5.6.1 Methods 92 5.6.1.1 Data Collection 92 5.6.1.2 Procedure 93 5.6.1.3 Analysis 93 5.6.2 Results and Analysis 93 5.7...Mashups 94 5.8...Discussion 96 5.8.1 Content of Collected Data 96 5.8.2 Success of Data Collection 98 References 99 6 Study Three: Assessing the Impact of VGI 102 6.1...Introduction 102 6.2...Research Aims 103 6.3...Study Rational 103 6.4...Methodology 103 6.4.1 Overview 103 6.4.2 Experimental Variables 104 6.4.2.1 Independent Variables 104 6.4.2.2 Dependant Variables 104 6.4.3 Experimental Design 105 6.4.4 Design of the User Judgement Survey 105 6.4.4.1 Likert Scale Questionnaires 105 6.4.4.2 Validity and Reliability 106 6.4.5 Design of the Website 107 6.4.5.1 Initial Development 107 6.4.5.2 Validity and Reliability: Pre and Pilot Testing 109 6.4.5.3 Website Usability Assessment 110 6.4.6 Participant Sampling 111 6.4.6.1 Demographics Specification 111 6.4.6.2 Sample Representativeness and Error 112 6.4.6.3 Recruitment 112 6.4.6.4 Rewarding Participant Time 113 6.4.7 Procedure 113 6.4.8 Statistical Analysis 114 6.4.8.1 Overview 114 6.4.8.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 114 6.4.8.3 Scale Reliability Measures 115 6.4.8.4 Descriptive Statistics 115 6.5...Hypotheses 116 6.6...Results and Analysis 116 6.6.1 Two-Way MANOVA 116 6.6.2 Sample Size Estimation 118 6.6.3 Testing of Independent Variables 119 6.7...Discussion 120 6.7.1 Influence of VGI on Quality and Authority 120 6.7.2 Influence of VGI on Currency 122 6.7.3 Sample Size Estimation 123 6.8...Conclusions 124 References 125 7 Conclusion 128 7.1...The Nature of VGI as Distinct from PGI 128 7.1.1 Data Content, Use and Contribution 128 7.1.2 Information Judgements 131 7.2...An Appraisal of the Framework of VGI 132 7.3...Unique Influences of VGI on the User 134 7.4...Limitations of VGI from a Human Factors Perspective 135 7.5...Design Recommendations for Utilising VGI 137 References 138 Further Reading 142 Index 143 Front Matter....Pages i-x Introduction....Pages 1-9 A Framework of Neogeography....Pages 11-22 Scoping Study: User Perceptions of VGI in Neogeography....Pages 23-47 Study Two: Understanding Design with VGI Using an Information Relevance Framework....Pages 49-78 Data Generation: VGI and PGI Data Sets....Pages 79-94 Study Three: Assessing the Impact of VGI....Pages 95-120 Conclusion....Pages 121-134 Back Matter....Pages 135-138