انقلاب فرانسه و تولد دموکراسی انتخاباتی

Democracy is perhaps the defining characteristic of modern Western society, but even as late as the nineteenth century it was often viewed with suspicion by many who saw it as akin to anarchy and mob rule. It was not until the French and American revolutions of the eighteenth century that electoral democracy began to gain momentum as a serious force, which was eventually to shape political discourse on a broad, international scale. Taking as its focus the French Revolution, this book explores how the experience in France influenced the emergence of electoral democracy, arguing - contrary to recent revisionist studies - that it was indeed the progenitor of modern representative democracy. Rejecting the revisionist semiotic approach to political culture; it instead adopts a definition emphasising the shared values that govern political behaviour, arguing that the Revolution's essential contribution to modern political culture is its concept of citizenship, embracing widespread political participation.In a broader sense, the book studies the grass-roots democracy, focusing on participation in the primary and secondary electoral assemblies. It is primarily concerned with electoral behavior and practices: how can we explain the electoral process and its results? It analyzes electoral procedures and practices, and voter turnout, based on extensive quantitative data. While focused on political history, this work also examines political sociology, giving careful attention to the occupational composition of elected officials.Whilst acknowledging the democratic shortcomings of the French Revolution (the absence of political parties, electoral campaigns, and declared candidates), the book's comprehensive study of revolutionary elections concludes that, together with its American counterpart, the French Revolution did indeed give birth to modern electoral democracy. As such, this book is essential reading for historians, political scientists, sociologists and readers interested in the origin of modern liberal democracy. Democracy is perhaps the defining characteristic of modern Western society, but even as late as the nineteenth century it was often viewed with suspicion by many who saw it as akin to anarchy and mob rule. It was not until the French and American revolutions of the eighteenth century that electoral democracy began to gain momentum as a serious force, which was eventually to shape political discourse on a broad, international scale. Taking as its focus the French Revolution, this book explores how the experience in France influenced the emergence of electoral democracy, arguing - contrary to recent revisionist studies - that it was indeed the progenitor of modern representative democracy. Rejecting the revisionist semiotic approach to political culture; it instead adopts a definition emphasizing the shared values that govern political behavior, arguing that the Revolution's essential contribution to modern political culture is its concept of citizenship, embracing widespread political participation. In a broader sense, the book studies the grass-roots democracy, focusing on participation in the primary and secondary electoral assemblies. It is primarily concerned with electoral behavior and practices: how can we explain the electoral process and its results? It analyzes electoral procedures and practices, and voter turnout, based on extensive quantitative data. While focused on political history, this work also examines political sociology, giving careful attention to the occupational composition of elected officials. While acknowledging the democratic shortcomings of the French Revolution (the absence of political parties, electoral campaigns, and declared candidates), the book's comprehensive study of revolutionary elections concludes that, together with its American counterpart, the French Revolution did indeed give birth to modern electoral democracy. As such, this book is essential reading for historians, political scientists, sociologists and readers interested in the origin of modern liberal democracy.-- Provided by Publisher Cover 1 Contents 8 List of Maps 10 List of Tables 12 Acknowledgments 14 List of Abbreviations 16 Introduction 18 1 The Elections to the Estates General 28 2 Subjects into Citizens 60 3 The First Municipal Elections 92 4 The First Cantonal Elections 126 5 The Emergence of a New Political Elite in 1790 152 6 Revolutionary Electoral Culture and the Dynamics of Voting in Assemblies 184 7 Elections of the Justices of the Peace 208 8 The Elections of June 1791 for the First National Legislature 226 9 The Elections of June and August–September 1791 and the Renewal of the Political Personnel 250 10 The Establishment of the First French Republic 276 11 Ratification of the Constitutions of 1793 and 1795 306 12 The Transformation of Electoral Politics in the Directory and Napoleonic Periods 334 Conclusion 350 Appendix I Turnout in the Vote for the Mayors of the Department Capitals in the First Municipal Elections of 1790 360 Appendix II Turnout in the Vote for the Mayors of the Department Capitals in November 1791 364 Selected Further Reading 368 Index of Names 372 Index of Places 376