The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa: Exploring the Development Implications of Smart Technologies in Africa (Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development)

This edited volume, the third in a three-volume set, discusses implications of The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in Africa. By rebuilding natural ecosystems, linking billions to digital networks, and better managing assets, the world may be able to undo the damage done by the industrial revolutions. There are, however, significant concerns that institutions will not be able to adapt, that governments will not adopt and regulate new technologies to reap their benefits, that power shifts will result in serious new security threats, that inequality will increase, and that societies will break apart. Written by an international panel of experts, analyzes the potential of smart technology across sectors and industries in Africa to bring about long-term, sustainable growth. Acknowledgements About the Book Contents About the Editors About the Contributors Chapter 1: The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa: An Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Developments 1.3 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Development in Africa 1.4 Volume Outline 1.5 Conclusion References Part I: Background to the Fourth Industrial Revolution Chapter 2: Making Sense of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: An Overview of the Potential Impact on Africa 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review and Theoretical Background 2.2.1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 2.3 Empirical Literature Review 2.4 What Are the Potential Repercussions of Industry 4.0 in Africa 2.5 Job Losses and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa 2.6 Inequality and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa 2.7 Security and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa 2.8 Identity, Voice, and Community in the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa 2.9 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations References Chapter 3: After Being Left Out of the First, Second, and Third Industrial Revolutions, Is Africa Finally Prepared for the Fourth Industrial Revolution? 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Review of Important Literature 3.2.1 First Industrial Revolution 3.2.2 Second Industrial Revolution 3.2.3 Third Industrial Revolution 3.2.4 Fourth Industrial Revolution 3.3 What Is the Fourth Industrial Revaluation? 3.3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3.3.2 The Internet of Things (IoT) 3.3.3 Blockchain 3.4 Frameworks for Assessing Readiness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution 3.5 The Empirical Literature 3.5.1 Several Factors That Can Affect How Prepared Africa Is for the 4IR 3.5.2 Strategies for Overcoming Key Challenges Facing Africa to Be Competitive in the 4IR 3.5.3 Strategic Plan 1: Human Capabilities 3.5.4 Strategic Plan 2: Developing Infrastructure 3.5.5 Strategic Plan 3: Policymaking 3.6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations References Chapter 4: Goals of Social Policy in the Fourth Industrial Revolution from a Developmental Context in Africa 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Developments 4.2.1 The Four Industrial Revolutions 4.3 The Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution 4.4 Social Policy Literature 4.5 The Goals of Social Policy in the Twenty-First Century 4.6 Inclusive Growth and Development 4.7 Digital Inclusion for Development 4.8 Cybersecurity for Development 4.9 Gender-Sensitive Development Policies 4.10 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 5: The Potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to Promote Economic Growth and Development in Africa 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theoretical and Empirical Perspective 5.2.1 Economic Growth and Development 5.2.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 5.3 Empirical Literature 5.4 The Potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to Promote Economic Growth and Development in Africa 5.5 The Fourth Industrial Revolution for Agriculture in Africa 5.5.1 Precision Farming 5.5.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Education in Africa 5.5.3 The Fourth Industrial Revolution for Health in Africa 5.5.4 Drug Development 5.6 The Fourth Industrial Revolution for Manufacturing in Africa 5.6.1 Lean Manufacturing 5.6.2 Intelligent Manufacturing 5.7 The Fourth Industrial Revolution for Energy in Africa 5.7.1 Grid Management Through Smart Grids 5.7.2 Energy Efficiency in Homes 5.7.3 Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings 5.7.4 4IR for Mining in Africa 5.8 The Fourth Industrial Revolution for Public Administration in Africa 5.9 The Fourth Industrial Revolution for Transport and Telecommunications in Africa 5.9.1 Intelligent Transport Systems 5.9.2 Autonomous Driving Systems 5.10 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations References Part II: Smart Technologies in Financial Matters Chapter 6: A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Emissions Based on GDP: A Case of South Africa in Comparison with the United Kingdom 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definitions of Terms 6.2.1 Climate Change 6.2.2 The Environmental Kuznets Curve 6.2.3 Artificial Intelligence 6.2.4 Machine Learning 6.3 Empirical Literature Review 6.4 Methodology 6.4.1 Polynomial Regression Models 6.4.2 Artificial Neural Network Models 6.4.3 Critical Points for Zero Emissions 6.4.4 Other Machine Learning Models 6.4.5 Cross-Validation 6.5 Data Analysis and Results 6.5.1 Data Description 6.5.2 South Africa: GDP and Emissions Data 6.6 Discussion 6.7 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 7: The Role of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Improving Health Outcomes in Africa During and After the Pandemic: What Are We Learning on the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 COVID-19 in South Africa 7.3 Machine Learning 7.4 Empirical Literature Review 7.5 Methodology 7.6 Data 7.7 Results and Discussion 7.8 South Africa COVID-19 Case Study: Discussion 7.8.1 Clinical Integration 7.8.2 The Lessons That Can Be Learned from Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Concerning Sustainable Development Goals 7.9 Conclusion and Recommendation 7.9.1 Strengths 7.9.2 Limitations and Improvements References Chapter 8: Mobile Money Services and Sustainable Development Effect in Africa 8.1 Introduction and Background 8.2 Mobile Money Services, Financial Inclusion, Social Inclusion, and Sustainable Development Articulation 8.2.1 Mobile Money Services in Africa 8.2.2 Financial Inclusion 8.2.3 Social Inclusion 8.2.4 Sustainable Development 8.2.5 Financial Inclusion and Social Inclusion in Africa 8.3 Mobile Money Services, Financial Inclusion, and Social Inclusion in Africa 8.4 The Effect of Mobile Money-Driven Financial Inclusion and Social Inclusion on Sustainable Development in Africa 8.5 The Criticism of Mobile Money Services and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: The Nexus Between Blue Ocean Strategy and Organizational Performance of SMEs in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Era 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Literature Review 9.3 Theoretical Framework 9.4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 9.5 Importance of SMEs in the Zimbabwean Economy 9.5.1 The Need for Blue Oceans in the Context of SMEs 9.6 Empirical Literature 9.7 Methodology 9.8 Results and Discussion 9.8.1 Reliability Statistics 9.8.2 Normality Checks 9.8.3 Spearman Correlation and Regression Analysis Results 9.9 Conclusion 9.9.1 Implications of the Study 9.9.2 Limitations and Future Research Directions References Chapter 10: Digital Entrepreneurship, Taxation of the Digital Economy, Digital Transformation, and Sustainable Development in Africa 10.1 Introduction and Background 10.2 Digital Transformation 10.2.1 The Digital Economy and Digital Transformation in Africa 10.2.2 The Digital Economy and Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa 10.2.3 The Digital Economy, Digital Transformation in Business, Digital Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development in Africa 10.3 Tax Legislation Applicable to the Digital Economy and Digital Services in Africa 10.3.1 Digital Services Taxes (DSTs) in Africa 10.3.2 Indirect Digital Services Taxes in Africa 10.3.3 Services Subject to DSTs (Both Direct and Indirect) 10.3.4 Digital Financial Services Taxes 10.4 Implications of Taxing the Digital Economy 10.4.1 The Effect of Taxing the Digital Economy on Digital Transformation, Digital Entrepreneurship, and Sustainable Development 10.4.2 Effect on Digital Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses 10.4.3 Digital Economy Taxes and Investment in Digital Businesses 10.4.4 Effect of Digital Economy Taxes on Digital Inclusion, Digital Financial Inclusion, and Sustainable Development 10.4.5 Other Challenges Affecting Digital Transformation and Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa 10.5 Conclusion References Part III: Smart Technologies in Governance Chapter 11: New Public Service Reform, Good Governance, and Governance of Digital Innovation in Africa 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Digital Innovation in the Public Sector in Africa 11.3 New Public Service Reform 11.4 Good Governance 11.5 The Necessity for Innovation in the Public Sector in Africa 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Harnessing State Capability in Embracing the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Is Zimbabwe Prepared? 12.1 Introduction 12.2 State of Zimbabwe’s Economy in the 4IR 12.3 The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Context 12.4 Capabilities of Governments in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 12.5 Capabilities of the Zimbabwean Government to Thrive in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 12.5.1 Technology and Innovation 12.5.2 Policy Making 12.5.3 Human Capital Skills 12.5.4 Infrastructure Development 12.5.5 Political Will 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Digital Transformation and Social Change in Africa: Issues in Technology Governance and Social Participation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Structuration Theory, Platform Governance, and Social Outcomes 13.3 Review of Literature 13.4 Methods and Materials 13.5 Results Presentation 13.5.1 Displacement of Government’s Traditional Role 13.5.2 Platforms as Structures of Social and Economic Exchange 13.5.3 Technology as a Medium for Systems Change 13.6 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 14: A Survey of Central Bank Digital Currency Adoption in African Countries 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Related Literature 14.2.1 Studies on the Determinants of Economic Development and Inclusion 14.2.2 Literature on Central Bank Digital Currency 14.3 The Survey 14.3.1 The Objective of the African CBDC Survey 14.4 Methodology 14.5 Survey Results 14.5.1 Summary of Survey Results 14.5.2 Regional Results 14.5.3 Correlation 14.6 Conclusion References Part IV: Agriculture, Goods Access, Utilisation, and Distribution Chapter 15: Smart Technologies, Climate Change, and Smallholder Farmer Production in Zimbabwe 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Climate Change 15.3 Smallholder Farming in Zimbabwe 15.4 4IR Technologies for Farming 15.5 Materials and Methods 15.6 Results and Discussion 15.6.1 Knowledge of and Perception of 4IR Technologies 15.6.2 Adoption of 4IR Technologies 15.7 Conclusion References Chapter 16: Blockchain for Food Supply Chain: Trust, Traceability, and Transparency Enhancement, How Can Africa Benefit? 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Theoretical and Empirical Perspective 16.2.1 Blockchain Characteristics 16.3 Empirical Literature on Blockchain Technology and Food Supply Chain 16.4 Methodology 16.5 Blockchain for Food Supply Chain: Trust, Traceability, and Transparency Enhancement, How Can Africa Benefit? 16.5.1 Block Chain Technology and Trust in Supply Chain 16.5.2 Block Chain and Traceability in Supply Chain 16.5.3 Block Chain and Transparency in Supply Chain 16.6 What Should African Governments Do to Benefit from Block Chain Technology in Food Supply Chain? 16.7 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Influence of Green Marketing Strategies on Consumer Purchase Decision: Evidence from Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Industry in Zimbabwe 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Literature Review 17.2.1 Theoretical Framework 17.2.2 Green Marketing Strategies and Green Consumerism 17.2.3 Effect of Green Advertising on Consumer Purchase Behavior 17.3 Research Methodology 17.4 Data Analysis and Findings 17.4.1 Perception Toward Companies’ Efforts in Promoting Green Initiatives 17.4.2 Marketing Gimmick 17.4.3 Green Marketing Awareness 17.4.4 Lack of Recycling Infrastructure 17.5 Discussion of Findings 17.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 17.6.1 Recommendations References Chapter 18: The Influence of the AfCFTA Capital and Industrial Goods in South Africa: A Simulation Analysis 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives 18.3 Methodology 18.4 Findings and Discussions Smart Simulation Results 18.5 Conclusion and Recommendations References Part V: Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 19: Toward an Inclusive Industry 4.0: Social Policy, Economic Growth, and Development in Africa 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Theoretical and Empirical Perspective 19.2.1 Social Policy 19.2.2 Inclusive Development 19.2.3 Industry 4.0 19.3 Social Policy and Inclusive Development 19.4 Social Policy and the Industry 4.0 19.5 Toward an Inclusive Industry 4.0 for Economic Growth and Development in Africa in the Twenty-First Century 19.6 Ethical Considerations and Regulatory Frameworks for the 4IR 19.7 Fostering the Use of Technology for the Common Good 19.7.1 Taking Steps to Address Biases in Data and Algorithms 19.8 Finding Solutions to Problems with Data Access and Assembling a Shared Database System 19.8.1 It Is Important to Use a Multidisciplinary and Inclusive Approach When Developing Algorithms 19.9 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations References Chapter 20: The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa: A Conclusion 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Rise of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and What it Means 20.3 The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Development in Africa 20.4 Conclusion References Index