The First Stars: Proceedings of the MPA ESO Workshop Held at Garching, Germany, 4-6 August 1999 (ESO Astrophysics Symposia)

Neither the formation process of "The First Stars" nor their existence in the present universe is known with any certainty. The authors of this volume address all open questions presenting an abundance of interesting data at the same time as giving a relatively exhaustive overview of our present-day knowledge. This covers research from spectroscopic observations, stellar evolutions, nucleosynthesis, structure and galaxy formation. The contributions shed new light on past views, often questioning traditional interpretations. Dealing with problems at the crossroads of cosmology, star formation and chemical evolution in stars, the book addresses astrophysicists and researchers, as well as graduate students. However, it should also be of interest to nuclear physicists and astrochemists. THE FIRST STARS......Page 1 Springerlink......Page 0 ESO Astrophysics Symposia......Page 3 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Participants' Group Picture......Page 14 Part I: The First Stars — Introduction and Context......Page 15 2 What IS a Population III Star?......Page 17 3 Why Search for Population III Stars?......Page 18 4 How Should We Search for Population III Stars?......Page 19 4.1 Searches in the Past......Page 20 4.2 Searches in the Future......Page 22 4.3 Are We Looking in the Right Place?......Page 24 4.6 Extrinsic Pollution......Page 25 5.1 Now?......Page 26 References......Page 27 Karsten Jedamzik......Page 29 References......Page 31 1 Introduction......Page 32 2.1 Constraints from Multi-TeV γ-Rays Seen by HEGRA......Page 33 2.3 On Carbon and Nitrogen......Page 34 3 Conclusions......Page 36 References......Page 37 Part II: Observations of Extremely Metal-Poor Galactic Stars......Page 39 1 Introduction: Abundances in the First Stars. Methodology......Page 41 2 Deuterium......Page 42 3 The 3 He Isotope......Page 43 5 Lithium......Page 44 7 Boron......Page 47 References......Page 48 1 Introduction......Page 51 2 How Many Supernovae Make a Population II Star?......Page 53 3 Intermediate-Mass Elements......Page 54 4 The Iron-Peak Elements......Page 56 5 Neutron-Capture Elements......Page 57 References......Page 59 2 Selection of Metal-Poor Stars......Page 63 References......Page 64 1 Introduction......Page 65 2 The Observed Sample......Page 66 3 The Analysis......Page 67 4 Results and Future Prospects......Page 68 References......Page 69 2 Observations......Page 70 3.1 Oxygen......Page 71 3.3 Nitrogen......Page 73 4 Concluding Remarks......Page 74 References......Page 75 Vanessa Hill, Beatriz Barbuy, François Spite, Monique Spite, Roger Cayrel, Birgitta Nordstrom, Timothy C. Beers......Page 76 References......Page 77 2 Observations and Radial Velocity Measurements......Page 78 References......Page 79 1 Introduction......Page 80 References......Page 81 1 First Stars: Is Metallicity per se of Relevance?......Page 82 2 Field Stars of the Solar Neighborhood......Page 83 3 First Stars in the Galaxy: Thick Disk versus Halo......Page 85 References......Page 88 2 Effective Temperatures......Page 89 References......Page 90 2 The Sample......Page 91 3.1 Kinematics......Page 92 3.2 Is There a Very Metal-Weak Thick Disk?......Page 93 4 Implications for the Galaxy Formation......Page 94 References......Page 95 Part III: The First Stars — Evolution and Nucleosynthesis......Page 97 1 Metal Deficient Stars: Why and Where?......Page 99 2 MD Structures: The Pioneering Era......Page 100 3 Living Pop III Stars (Low Masses)......Page 102 4 Massive Pop III Structures......Page 105 References......Page 108 1 Introduction......Page 109 2 Mass-Scale and IMF of Pop-III Stars......Page 110 3 Main Stellar Kingdoms......Page 113 4 A Quick Review of Past Work on Pop-III Stars......Page 114 5 What about Mass Loss from Pop-III Stars?......Page 115 6 Structure and Evolution of Pop-III Stars......Page 116 7 Stellar Yields......Page 121 References......Page 122 1 Introduction......Page 125 2.1 The 'Standard' Scenario......Page 126 2.2 The 'Non-Standard' Scenario......Page 128 3 Conclusions......Page 129 References......Page 130 2 Network Calculations and Results......Page 131 References......Page 132 2 Evolutionary Features......Page 133 References......Page 134 1 Introduction......Page 135 2 Nucleosynthesis and Production of Primary 14 N......Page 136 3 Pair Instability Supernovae (Hypernovae)......Page 137 4 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 138 References......Page 140 1 Introduction......Page 141 2.1 Stellar Wind Properties......Page 142 2.2 Spectra and Ionizing Fluxes......Page 144 3 Future Work......Page 145 References......Page 146 Ivan Hubeny, Thierry Lanz, Sally Heap......Page 147 References......Page 148 1 Metal Deficient Simple Star Populations......Page 149 References......Page 150 2 Yields from Massive Stars (M = 6–120 M ⊙)......Page 151 3 Yields from Very Massive Stars (M = 120–1000 M ⊙)......Page 153 References......Page 155 1 Introduction......Page 156 3 Constraints on r-Process Nucleosynthesis Sites......Page 157 4 Chemical Evolution of r-Process and s-Process Abundances......Page 158 5 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 159 References......Page 160 Bernd Pfeiffer, Karl-Ludwig Kratz, Ulrich Ott, Friedrich-Karl Thielemann, Chris Sneden......Page 162 References......Page 163 1 Introduction......Page 164 2 Code and Method......Page 165 3 Presupernova Stellar Evolution......Page 166 3.2 Y e Distribution......Page 168 4.1 Complete Silicon Burning and Neutron-Rich Species......Page 169 5 Abundance Distribution......Page 170 6 Integrated Abundances Relative to the Solar Abundances......Page 171 7 Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn......Page 176 8 Pop III Characters in the Abundance Pattern......Page 179 8.1 CNO Elements......Page 181 8.2 Odd Z Elements......Page 184 9 Summary......Page 185 References......Page 186 Shinya Wanajo, Kaori Otsuki, Toshitaka Kajino, Yuhri Ishimaru......Page 188 References......Page 189 3 Conclusions: HD 76932......Page 190 References......Page 191 Part IV: Feedback on the Environment......Page 193 2 Production Site for r-Process Element......Page 195 References......Page 196 2 Comparison with Theoretical Supernova Remnants with Different Progenitor Masses......Page 197 References......Page 198 2 Reionization and Cosmological Effects......Page 199 References......Page 200 2 Metal Enrichment for the Zero Metal FGS......Page 201 References......Page 202 2 Inhomogenous Chemical Enrichment Model......Page 203 3 Enrichment of Europium......Page 204 4.1 Problems in Strontium......Page 205 5 Conclusion......Page 206 References......Page 207 1 The Model......Page 208 2 Results......Page 210 3 Conclusions......Page 211 References......Page 212 1 The EASE Scenario......Page 213 2 GC Formation through Supershell Phenomenon......Page 214 4 Supershell Velocity......Page 215 6 Self-Enrichment Level......Page 216 References......Page 217 2 Observations and Results......Page 218 References......Page 219 2 Model......Page 220 References......Page 221 1 Introduction......Page 222 2 Results......Page 223 2.1 Reionization and the Lyman-alpha Forest......Page 225 References......Page 226 2 Feedback Effects in the Early Universe......Page 227 2.1 Radiative Feedback......Page 228 2.2 Stellar Feedback......Page 229 References......Page 230 2 Very Low Metallicity Stars......Page 231 References......Page 232 1 Introduction......Page 233 2 Spectrum of the Early UV and X-Ray Backgrounds......Page 234 3 H2 Cooling inside the First Halos......Page 235 4 H2-Feedback and Cosmological Reionization......Page 237 References......Page 238 1 Heating and Cooling in Metal-Free H II Regions......Page 239 References......Page 240 Part V: Formation of the First Stars......Page 241 2 The First Molecules......Page 243 2.1 Chemical Evolution of the Primordial Gas......Page 244 2.2 Molecular Abundances after the Recombination Epoch......Page 245 3 Cooling Functions for the Primordial Gas......Page 247 3.1 H2 Molecules......Page 248 3.2 HD Molecules......Page 249 4.2 Thomson Scattering Due to Molecules......Page 250 4.3 How Small Were the First Cosmological Objects?......Page 252 References......Page 254 1 Introduction......Page 256 2 Galaxies at z > 5......Page 257 3 The Very First Stars......Page 259 4 Where Are the First Stars?......Page 260 References......Page 263 1 First Cosmological Objects......Page 264 3 H2 Formation and the Minimum Mass to Cool......Page 265 4 Simulating First Structure Formation......Page 267 5 Core Formation......Page 268 6 Core Structure......Page 270 7 Fragmentation?......Page 272 References......Page 273 2 Consequences for Gas Cooling......Page 275 References......Page 276 1 Introduction......Page 277 3 Numerical Results of 1D Simulations......Page 278 4 Numerical Results of 2D Simulations......Page 279 5 Effect of HD Cooling......Page 280 References......Page 281 3.1 The Chemical Properties of Local Group Dwarfs......Page 300 2 Cooling Diagrams......Page 282 3 Dynamical Collapse of Primordial Protostellar Clouds......Page 283 4.1 Star Formation Regulation by UV Radiation......Page 284 5 Formation of Pop III Luminous Objects......Page 285 References......Page 286 2 Numerical Calculations and Results......Page 287 References......Page 288 References......Page 289 2 Calculations......Page 291 References......Page 292 References......Page 293 Part VI: Observational Clues from Galaxies at High z or Low Z......Page 295 2 A Primer on Local Group Dwarfs......Page 297 3 Dwarf Galaxies as the Sites of the First Stars......Page 298 3.2 The Star-Formation Histories of Local Group Dwarfs......Page 301 3.3 The Dark-Matter Content and Masses of Local Group Dwarfs......Page 303 4 Summary and Future Prospects......Page 304 References......Page 305 1 Introduction......Page 307 2 The Origin of Nitrogen......Page 309 3 Conclusions......Page 310 References......Page 311 1 Introduction......Page 312 2 Possible Interpretation of Nitrogen Abundances in BCGs and DLAs......Page 313 3 Conclusions......Page 315 References......Page 316 1 The Distance to I Zw 18......Page 317 References......Page 318 2 Lyman Break Galaxies......Page 319 2.1 Moving to the Infrared......Page 322 3 Damped Lyman-α Systems......Page 324 4 The Lyman-α Forest......Page 328 5 Conclusions......Page 330 References......Page 331 Gerard M. Williger, Alain Smette, Cyril Hazard, Jack A. Baldwin, Richard G. McMahon......Page 333 References......Page 334 2 Comparison of Model Disks with DLAS......Page 335 References......Page 336 1 Observations......Page 337 References......Page 338 Part VII: A New View of the First Stars......Page 339 1 Introduction......Page 341 2 The Simulations......Page 342 3 Cluster Results......Page 343 4 "Milky Way" Results......Page 346 5 Discussion......Page 347 References......Page 349 2 A Brief Summary......Page 350 2.3 Confrontation with Numerical Modeling......Page 351 3 A Call to Action — An Observer's Manifesto......Page 352 3.1 Astronomers Identify 1,000 "Bright" Stars with [Fe/H] ≤ –3.0......Page 353 3.3 Astronomers Establish a Center for Elemental Abundance Data Analysis......Page 354 References......Page 355 Richard B. Larson......Page 357 List of Participants......Page 363 Author Index......Page 369 Back Cover......Page 371 Neither The Formation Process Of The First Stars Nor Their Existence In The Present Universe Is Known With Any Certainty. The Authors Of This Volume Address All Open Questions Presenting An Abundance Of Interesting Data At The Same Time As Giving An Exhaustive Overview Of Our Present-day Knowledge. This Covers Research From Spectroscopic Observations, Stellar Evolution, Nucleosynthesis, Structure And Galaxy Formation. The Contributions Shed New Light On Past Views, Often Questioning Traditional Interpretations. Dealing With Problems At The Crossroads Of Cosmology, Star Formation And Galactochemical Evolution In Stars, The Book Addresses Researchers Graduate Students In Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics And Astrochemistry. From The Contents: The First Stars - Introduction And Context -- Observations Of Extremely Metal-poor Galactic Stars -- The First Stars - Evolution And Nucleosynthesis -- Feedback On The Environment -- Formation Of The First Stars -- Observational Clues From Galaxies At High Z Or Low Z -- A New View Of The First Stars. Achim Weiss, Tom G. Abel, Vanessa Hill (eds.). Includes Bibliographical References And Index.