The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat (The New Millennium Edition - Desktop Edition) 1

Timeless and collectible, The Feynman Lectures on Physics are essential reading, not just for students of physics, but for anyone seeking an insightful introduction to the field from the inimitable Richard P. Feynman. This volume focuses on mechanics, radiation, and heat. When I look at The Feynman Lectures on Physics, I feel a very personal sense of closeness to them,” said Feynman, looking back on the origins of these books. Ranging from basic Newtonian dynamics through such formidable theories as Einstein’s relativity, Maxwell’s electrodynamics, and Dirac’s forumulation of quantum mechanics, these collected lectures stand as a monument to clear exposition and deep insight—and to Feynman’s deep connection with the field. Originally delivered to students at Caltech and later fashioned by co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands into a unique textbook, the celebrated Feynman Lectures on Physics allows us to experience one of the twentieth century’s greatest minds. This new edition features improved typography, figures, and indexes, with corrections authorized by the California Institute of Technology. Chapter 1. Atoms in Motion 20 Introduction 20 Matter is made of atoms 21 Atomic processes 24 Chemical reactions 25 Chapter 2. Basic Physics 29 Introduction 29 Physics before 1920 31 Quantum physics 34 Nuclei and particles 36 Chapter 3. The Relation of Physics to Other Sciences 40 Introduction 40 Chemistry 40 Biology 41 Astronomy 45 Geology 46 Psychology 47 How did it get that way? 48 Chapter 4. Conservation of Energy 50 What is energy? 50 Gravitational potential energy 51 Kinetic energy 54 Other forms of energy 55 Chapter 5. Time and Distance 58 Motion 58 Time 58 Short times 59 Long times 60 Units and standards of time 62 Large distances 62 Short distances 65 Chapter 6. Probability 68 Chance and likelihood 68 Fluctuations 70 The random walk 72 A probability distribution 74 The uncertainty principle 77 Chapter 7. The Theory of Gravitation 79 Planetary motions 79 Kepler's laws 79 Development of dynamics 80 Newton's law of gravitation 81 Universal gravitation 83 Cavendish's experiment 87 What is gravity? 87 Gravity and relativity 89 Chapter 8. Motion 90 Description of motion 90 Speed 91 Speed as a derivative 94 Distance as an integral 96 Acceleration 97 Chapter 9. Newton's Laws of Dynamics 100 Momentum and force 100 Speed and velocity 101 Components of velocity, acceleration, and force 102 What is the force? 102 Meaning of the dynamical equations 103 Numerical solution of the equations 104 Planetary motions 105 Chapter 10. Conservation of Momentum 109 Newton's Third Law 109 Conservation of momentum 110 Momentum is conserved! 113 Momentum and energy 115 Relativistic momentum 116 Chapter 11. Vectors 118 Symmetry in physics 118 Translations 118 Rotations 120 Vectors 122 Vector algebra 123 Newton's laws in vector notation 124 Scalar product of vectors 125 Chapter 12. Characteristics of Force 128 What is a force? 128 Friction 130 Molecular forces 133 Fundamental forces. Fields 134 Pseudo forces 137 Nuclear forces 139 Chapter 13. Work and Potential Energy (A) 140 Energy of a falling body 140 Work done by gravity 142 Summation of energy 145 Gravitational field of large objects 147 Chapter 14. Work and Potential Energy (conclusion) 149 Work 149 Constrained motion 151 Conservative forces 151 Nonconservative forces 154 Potentials and fields 155 Chapter 15. The Special Theory of Relativity 159 The principle of relativity 159 The Lorentz transformation 161 The Michelson-Morley experiment 161 Transformation of time 163 The Lorentz contraction 165 Simultaneity 165 Four-vectors 166 Relativistic dynamics 167 Equivalence of mass and energy 168 Chapter 16. Relativistic Energy and Momentum 170 Relativity and the philosophers 170 The twin paradox 172 Transformation of velocities 173 Relativistic mass 175 Relativistic energy 177 Chapter 17. Space-Time 180 The geometry of space-time 180 Space-time intervals 181 Past, present, and future 183 More about four-vectors 184 Four-vector algebra 186 Chapter 18. Rotation in Two Dimensions 188 The center of mass 188 Rotation of a rigid body 189 Angular momentum 192 Conservation of angular momentum 193 Chapter 19. Center of Mass; Moment of Inertia 196 Properties of the center of mass 196 Locating the center of mass 199 Finding the moment of inertia 200 Rotational kinetic energy 202 Chapter 20. Rotation in space 205 Torques in three dimensions 205 The rotation equations using cross products 208 The gyroscope 209 Angular momentum of a solid body 212 Chapter 21. The Harmonic Oscillator 213 Linear differential equations 213 The harmonic oscillator 213 Harmonic motion and circular motion 216 Initial conditions 216 Forced oscillations 218 Chapter 22. Algebra 219 Addition and multiplication 219 The inverse operations 220 Abstraction and generalization 221 Approximating irrational numbers 222 Complex numbers 225 Imaginary exponents 227 Chapter 23. Resonance 229 Complex numbers and harmonic motion 229 The forced oscillator with damping 231 Electrical resonance 233 Resonance in nature 235 Chapter 24. Transients 238 The energy of an oscillator 238 Damped oscillations 240 Electrical transients 242 Chapter 25. Linear Systems and Review 244 Linear differential equations 244 Superposition of solutions 245 Oscillations in linear systems 248 Analogs in physics 249 Series and parallel impedances 251 Chapter 26. Optics: The Principle of Least Time 253 Light 253 Reflection and refraction 254 Fermat's principle of least time 255 Applications of Fermat's principle 257 A more precise statement of Fermat's principle 259 How it works 260 Chapter 27. Geometrical Optics 261 Introduction 261 The focal length of a spherical surface 261 The focal length of a lens 264 Magnification 265 Compound lenses 266 Aberrations 267 Resolving power 267 Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Radiation 269 Electromagnetism 269 Radiation 271 The dipole radiator 273 Interference 274 Chapter 29. Interference 275 Electromagnetic waves 275 Energy of radiation 276 Sinusoidal waves 276 Two dipole radiators 277 The mathematics of interference 279 Chapter 30. Diffraction 282 The resultant amplitude due to n equal oscillators 282 The diffraction grating 284 Resolving power of a grating 286 The parabolic antenna 287 Colored films; crystals 288 Diffraction by opaque screens 289 The field of a plane of oscillating charges 291 Chapter 31. The Origin of the Refractive Index 294 The index of refraction 294 The field due to the material 297 Dispersion 299 Absorption 301 The energy carried by an electric wave 302 Diffraction of light by a screen 303 Chapter 32. Radiation Damping. Light Scattering 305 Radiation resistance 305 The rate of radiation of energy 306 Radiation damping 307 Independent sources 309 Scattering of light 310 Chapter 33. Polarization 314 The electric vector of light 314 Polarization of scattered light 316 Birefringence 316 Polarizers 318 Optical activity 319 The intensity of reflected light 320 Anomalous refraction 322 Chapter 34. Relativistic Effects in Radiation 324 Moving sources 324 Finding the ``apparent'' motion 325 Synchrotron radiation 326 Cosmic synchrotron radiation 329 Bremsstrahlung 329 The Doppler effect 330 The , bold0mu mumu kk29kkkk four-vector 332 Aberration 333 The momentum of light 333 Chapter 35. Color Vision 335 The human eye 335 Color depends on intensity 336 Measuring the color sensation 337 The chromaticity diagram 340 The mechanism of color vision 341 Physiochemistry of color vision 343 Chapter 36. Mechanisms of Seeing 345 The sensation of color 345 The physiology of the eye 347 The rod cells 350 The compound (insect) eye 350 Other eyes 353 Neurology of vision 353 Chapter 37. Quantum Behavior 357 Atomic mechanics 357 An experiment with bullets 358 An experiment with waves 359 An experiment with electrons 360 The interference of electron waves 361 Watching the electrons 363 First principles of quantum mechanics 366 The uncertainty principle 367 Chapter 38. The Relation of Wave and Particle Viewpoints 369 Probability wave amplitudes 369 Measurement of position and momentum 370 Crystal diffraction 372 The size of an atom 373 Energy levels 375 Philosophical implications 376 Chapter 39. The Kinetic Theory of Gases 379 Properties of matter 379 The pressure of a gas 380 Compressibility of radiation 384 Temperature and kinetic energy 384 The ideal gas law 388 Chapter 40. The Principles of Statistical Mechanics 391 The exponential atmosphere 391 The Boltzmann law 392 Evaporation of a liquid 393 The distribution of molecular speeds 394 The specific heats of gases 397 The failure of classical physics 398 Chapter 41. The Brownian Movement 401 Equipartition of energy 401 Thermal equilibrium of radiation 403 Equipartition and the quantum oscillator 406 The random walk 408 Chapter 42. Applications of Kinetic Theory 411 Evaporation 411 Thermionic emission 414 Thermal ionization 415 Chemical kinetics 417 Einstein's laws of radiation 418 Chapter 43. Diffusion 422 Collisions between molecules 422 The mean free path 424 The drift speed 425 Ionic conductivity 427 Molecular diffusion 428 Thermal conductivity 430 Chapter 44. The Laws of Thermodynamics 432 Heat engines; the first law 432 The second law 434 Reversible engines 435 The efficiency of an ideal engine 438 The thermodynamic temperature 440 Entropy 441 Chapter 45. Illustrations of Thermodynamics 445 Internal energy 445 Applications 448 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation 450 Chapter 46. Ratchet and pawl 454 How a ratchet works 454 The ratchet as an engine 455 Reversibility in mechanics 457 Irreversibility 458 Order and entropy 460 Chapter 47. Sound. The wave equation 463 Waves 463 The propagation of sound 465 The wave equation 466 Solutions of the wave equation 468 The speed of sound 469 Chapter 48. Beats 471 Adding two waves 471 Beat notes and modulation 473 Side bands 474 Localized wave trains 475 Probability amplitudes for particles 477 Waves in three dimensions 479 Normal modes 480 Chapter 49. Modes 482 The reflection of waves 482 Confined waves, with natural frequencies 483 Modes in two dimensions 484 Coupled pendulums 487 Linear systems 488 Chapter 50. Harmonics 490 Musical tones 490 The Fourier series 491 Quality and consonance 492 The Fourier coefficients 494 The energy theorem 496 Nonlinear responses 497 Chapter 51. Waves 500 Bow waves 500 Shock waves 501 Waves in solids 503 Surface waves 506 Chapter 52. Symmetry in Physical Laws 510 Symmetry operations 510 Symmetry in space and time 510 Symmetry and conservation laws 512 Mirror reflections 513 Polar and axial vectors 515 Which hand is right? 517 Parity is not conserved! 517 Antimatter 519 Broken symmetries 520 Index 522 Name Index 531 List of Symbols 533