The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. I,II,III The New Millennium Edition

The legendary introduction to physics from the subject's greatest teacher "The whole thing was basically an experiment," Richard Feynman said late in his career, looking back on the origins of his lectures. The experiment turned out to be hugely successful, spawning a book that has remained a definitive introduction to physics for decades. Ranging from the most basic principles of Newtonian physics through such formidable theories as general relativity and quantum mechanics, Feynman's lectures stand as a monument of clear exposition and deep insight. Now, we are reintroducing the printed books to the trade, fully corrected, for the first time ever, and in collaboration with Caltech. Timeless and collectible, the lectures are essential reading, not just for students of physics but for anyone seeking an introduction to the field from the inimitable Feynman. Front cover About Richard Feynman Preface to the New Millennium Edition Feynman's Preface Foreword Contents Chapter 1. Atoms in Motion Introduction Matter is made of atoms Atomic processes Chemical reactions Chapter 2. Basic Physics Introduction Physics before 1920 Quantum physics Nuclei and particles Chapter 3. The Relation of Physics to Other Sciences Introduction Chemistry Biology Astronomy Geology Psychology How did it get that way? Chapter 4. Conservation of Energy What is energy? Gravitational potential energy Kinetic energy Other forms of energy Chapter 5. Time and Distance Motion Time Short times Long times Units and standards of time Large distances Short distances Chapter 6. Probability Chance and likelihood Fluctuations The random walk A probability distribution The uncertainty principle Chapter 7. The Theory of Gravitation Planetary motions Kepler's laws Development of dynamics Newton's law of gravitation Universal gravitation Cavendish's experiment What is gravity? Gravity and relativity Chapter 8. Motion Description of motion Speed Speed as a derivative Distance as an integral Acceleration Chapter 9. Newton's Laws of Dynamics Momentum and force Speed and velocity Components of velocity, acceleration, and force What is the force? Meaning of the dynamical equations Numerical solution of the equations Planetary motions Chapter 10. Conservation of Momentum Newton's Third Law Conservation of momentum Momentum is conserved! Momentum and energy Relativistic momentum Chapter 11. Vectors Symmetry in physics Translations Rotations Vectors Vector algebra Newton's laws in vector notation Scalar product of vectors Chapter 12. Characteristics of Force What is a force? Friction Molecular forces Fundamental forces. Fields Pseudo forces Nuclear forces Chapter 13. Work and Potential Energy (A) Energy of a falling body Work done by gravity Summation of energy Gravitational field of large objects Chapter 14. Work and Potential Energy (conclusion) Work Constrained motion Conservative forces Nonconservative forces Potentials and fields Chapter 15. The Special Theory of Relativity The principle of relativity The Lorentz transformation The Michelson-Morley experiment Transformation of time The Lorentz contraction Simultaneity Four-vectors Relativistic dynamics Equivalence of mass and energy Chapter 16. Relativistic Energy and Momentum Relativity and the philosophers The twin paradox Transformation of velocities Relativistic mass Relativistic energy Chapter 17. Space-Time The geometry of space-time Space-time intervals Past, present, and future More about four-vectors Four-vector algebra Chapter 18. Rotation in Two Dimensions The center of mass Rotation of a rigid body Angular momentum Conservation of angular momentum Chapter 19. Center of Mass; Moment of Inertia Properties of the center of mass Locating the center of mass Finding the moment of inertia Rotational kinetic energy Chapter 20. Rotation in space Torques in three dimensions The rotation equations using cross products The gyroscope Angular momentum of a solid body Chapter 21. The Harmonic Oscillator Linear differential equations The harmonic oscillator Harmonic motion and circular motion Initial conditions Forced oscillations Chapter 22. Algebra Addition and multiplication The inverse operations Abstraction and generalization Approximating irrational numbers Complex numbers Imaginary exponents Chapter 23. Resonance Complex numbers and harmonic motion The forced oscillator with damping Electrical resonance Resonance in nature Chapter 24. Transients The energy of an oscillator Damped oscillations Electrical transients Chapter 25. Linear Systems and Review Linear differential equations Superposition of solutions Oscillations in linear systems Analogs in physics Series and parallel impedances Chapter 26. Optics: The Principle of Least Time Light Reflection and refraction Fermat's principle of least time Applications of Fermat's principle A more precise statement of Fermat's principle How it works Chapter 27. Geometrical Optics Introduction The focal length of a spherical surface The focal length of a lens Magnification Compound lenses Aberrations Resolving power Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetism Radiation The dipole radiator Interference Chapter 29. Interference Electromagnetic waves Energy of radiation Sinusoidal waves Two dipole radiators The mathematics of interference Chapter 30. Diffraction The resultant amplitude due to n equal oscillators The diffraction grating Resolving power of a grating The parabolic antenna Colored films; crystals Diffraction by opaque screens The field of a plane of oscillating charges Chapter 31. The Origin of the Refractive Index The index of refraction The field due to the material Dispersion Absorption The energy carried by an electric wave Diffraction of light by a screen Chapter 32. Radiation Damping. Light Scattering Radiation resistance The rate of radiation of energy Radiation damping Independent sources Scattering of light Chapter 33. Polarization The electric vector of light Polarization of scattered light Birefringence Polarizers Optical activity The intensity of reflected light Anomalous refraction Chapter 34. Relativistic Effects in Radiation Moving sources Finding the ``apparent'' motion Synchrotron radiation Cosmic synchrotron radiation Bremsstrahlung The Doppler effect The , bold0mu mumu kk29kkkk four-vector Aberration The momentum of light Chapter 35. Color Vision The human eye Color depends on intensity Measuring the color sensation The chromaticity diagram The mechanism of color vision Physiochemistry of color vision Chapter 36. Mechanisms of Seeing The sensation of color The physiology of the eye The rod cells The compound (insect) eye Other eyes Neurology of vision Chapter 37. Quantum Behavior Atomic mechanics An experiment with bullets An experiment with waves An experiment with electrons The interference of electron waves Watching the electrons First principles of quantum mechanics The uncertainty principle Chapter 38. The Relation of Wave and Particle Viewpoints Probability wave amplitudes Measurement of position and momentum Crystal diffraction The size of an atom Energy levels Philosophical implications Chapter 39. The Kinetic Theory of Gases Properties of matter The pressure of a gas Compressibility of radiation Temperature and kinetic energy The ideal gas law Chapter 40. The Principles of Statistical Mechanics The exponential atmosphere The Boltzmann law Evaporation of a liquid The distribution of molecular speeds The specific heats of gases The failure of classical physics Chapter 41. The Brownian Movement Equipartition of energy Thermal equilibrium of radiation Equipartition and the quantum oscillator The random walk Chapter 42. Applications of Kinetic Theory Evaporation Thermionic emission Thermal ionization Chemical kinetics Einstein's laws of radiation Chapter 43. Diffusion Collisions between molecules The mean free path The drift speed Ionic conductivity Molecular diffusion Thermal conductivity Chapter 44. The Laws of Thermodynamics Heat engines; the first law The second law Reversible engines The efficiency of an ideal engine The thermodynamic temperature Entropy Chapter 45. Illustrations of Thermodynamics Internal energy Applications The Clausius-Clapeyron equation Chapter 46. Ratchet and pawl How a ratchet works The ratchet as an engine Reversibility in mechanics Irreversibility Order and entropy Chapter 47. Sound. The wave equation Waves The propagation of sound The wave equation Solutions of the wave equation The speed of sound Chapter 48. Beats Adding two waves Beat notes and modulation Side bands Localized wave trains Probability amplitudes for particles Waves in three dimensions Normal modes Chapter 49. Modes The reflection of waves Confined waves, with natural frequencies Modes in two dimensions Coupled pendulums Linear systems Chapter 50. Harmonics Musical tones The Fourier series Quality and consonance The Fourier coefficients The energy theorem Nonlinear responses Chapter 51. Waves Bow waves Shock waves Waves in solids Surface waves Chapter 52. Symmetry in Physical Laws Symmetry operations Symmetry in space and time Symmetry and conservation laws Mirror reflections Polar and axial vectors Which hand is right? Parity is not conserved! Antimatter Broken symmetries Index Name Index List of Symbols Front cover About Richard Feynman Preface to the New Millennium Edition Feynman's Preface Foreword Contents Chapter 1. Electromagnetism Electrical forces Electric and magnetic fields Characteristics of vector fields The laws of electromagnetism What are the fields? Electromagnetism in science and technology Chapter 2. Differential Calculus of Vector Fields Understanding physics Scalar and vector fields—T and bold0mu mumu hh5hhhh Derivatives of fields—the gradient The operator bold0mu mumu 6 Operations with bold0mu mumu 6 The differential equation of heat flow Second derivatives of vector fields Pitfalls Chapter 3. Vector Integral Calculus Vector integrals; the line integral of bold0mu mumu 7 The flux of a vector field The flux from a cube; Gauss' theorem Heat conduction; the diffusion equation The circulation of a vector field The circulation around a square; Stokes' theorem Curl-free and divergence-free fields Summary Chapter 4. Electrostatics Statics Coulomb's law; superposition Electric potential bold0mu mumu EE8EEEE=-bold0mu mumu 8 The flux of bold0mu mumu EE8EEEE Gauss' law; the divergence of bold0mu mumu EE8EEEE Field of a sphere of charge Field lines; equipotential surfaces Chapter 5. Application of Gauss' Law Electrostatics is Gauss' law plus ... Equilibrium in an electrostatic field Equilibrium with conductors Stability of atoms The field of a line charge A sheet of charge; two sheets A sphere of charge; a spherical shell Is the field of a point charge exactly 1/r2? The fields of a conductor The field in a cavity of a conductor Chapter 6. The Electric Field in Various Circumstances Equations of the electrostatic potential The electric dipole Remarks on vector equations The dipole potential as a gradient The dipole approximation for an arbitrary distribution The fields of charged conductors The method of images A point charge near a conducting plane A point charge near a conducting sphere Condensers; parallel plates High-voltage breakdown The field-emission microscope Chapter 7. The Electric Field in Various Circumstances (Continued) Methods for finding the electrostatic field Two-dimensional fields; functions of the complex variable Plasma oscillations Colloidal particles in an electrolyte The electrostatic field of a grid Chapter 8. Electrostatic Energy The electrostatic energy of charges. A uniform sphere The energy of a condenser. Forces on charged conductors The electrostatic energy of an ionic crystal Electrostatic energy in nuclei Energy in the electrostatic field The energy of a point charge Chapter 9. Electricity in the Atmosphere The electric potential gradient of the atmosphere Electric currents in the atmosphere Origin of the atmospheric currents Thunderstorms The mechanism of charge separation Lightning Chapter 10. Dielectrics The dielectric constant The polarization vector bold0mu mumu PP12PPPP Polarization charges The electrostatic equations with dielectrics Fields and forces with dielectrics Chapter 11. Inside Dielectrics Molecular dipoles Electronic polarization Polar molecules; orientation polarization Electric fields in cavities of a dielectric The dielectric constant of liquids; the Clausius-Mossotti equation Solid dielectrics Ferroelectricity; BaTiO3 Chapter 12. Electrostatic Analogs The same equations have the same solutions The flow of heat; a point source near an infinite plane boundary The stretched membrane The diffusion of neutrons; a uniform spherical source in a homogeneous medium Irrotational fluid flow; the flow past a sphere Illumination; the uniform lighting of a plane The ``underlying unity'' of nature Chapter 13. Magnetostatics The magnetic field Electric current; the conservation of charge The magnetic force on a current The magnetic field of steady currents; Ampère's law The magnetic field of a straight wire and of a solenoid; atomic currents The relativity of magnetic and electric fields The transformation of currents and charges Superposition; the right-hand rule Chapter 14. The Magnetic Field in Various Situations The vector potential The vector potential of known currents A straight wire A long solenoid The field of a small loop; the magnetic dipole The vector potential of a circuit The law of Biot and Savart Chapter 15. The Vector Potential The forces on a current loop; energy of a dipole Mechanical and electrical energies The energy of steady currents bold0mu mumu BB16BBBB versus bold0mu mumu AA16AAAA The vector potential and quantum mechanics What is true for statics is false for dynamics Chapter 16. Induced Currents Motors and generators Transformers and inductances Forces on induced currents Electrical technology Chapter 17. The Laws of Induction The physics of induction Exceptions to the ``flux rule'' Particle acceleration by an induced electric field; the betatron A paradox Alternating-current generator Mutual inductance Self-inductance Inductance and magnetic energy Chapter 18. The Maxwell Equations Maxwell's equations How the new term works All of classical physics A travelling field The speed of light Solving Maxwell's equations; the potentials and the wave equation Chapter 19. The Principle of Least Action A special lecture—almost verbatim A note added after the lecture Chapter 20. Solutions of Maxwell's Equations in Free Space Waves in free space; plane waves Three-dimensional waves Scientific imagination Spherical waves Chapter 21. Solutions of Maxwell's Equations with Currents and Charges Light and electromagnetic waves Spherical waves from a point source The general solution of Maxwell's equations The fields of an oscillating dipole The potentials of a moving charge; the general solution of Liénard and Wiechert The potentials for a charge moving with constant velocity; the Lorentz formula Chapter 22. AC Circuits Impedances Generators Networks of ideal elements; Kirchhoff's rules Equivalent circuits Energy A ladder network Filters Other circuit elements Chapter 23. Cavity Resonators Real circuit elements A capacitor at high frequencies A resonant cavity Cavity modes Cavities and resonant circuits Chapter 24. Waveguides The transmission line The rectangular waveguide The cutoff frequency The speed of the guided waves Observing guided waves Waveguide plumbing Waveguide modes Another way of looking at the guided waves Chapter 25. Electrodynamics in Relativistic Notation Four-vectors The scalar product The four-dimensional gradient Electrodynamics in four-dimensional notation The four-potential of a moving charge The invariance of the equations of electrodynamics Chapter 26. Lorentz Transformations of the Fields The four-potential of a moving charge The fields of a point charge with a constant velocity Relativistic transformation of the fields The equations of motion in relativistic notation Chapter 27. Field Energy and Field Momentum Local conservation Energy conservation and electromagnetism Energy density and energy flow in the electromagnetic field The ambiguity of the field energy Examples of energy flow Field momentum Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Mass The field energy of a point charge The field momentum of a moving charge Electromagnetic mass The force of an electron on itself Attempts to modify the Maxwell theory The nuclear force field Chapter 29. The Motion of Charges in Electric and Magnetic Fields Motion in a uniform electric or magnetic field Momentum analysis An electrostatic lens A magnetic lens The electron microscope Accelerator guide fields Alternating-gradient focusing Motion in crossed electric and magnetic fields Chapter 30. The Internal Geometry of Crystals The internal geometry of crystals Chemical bonds in crystals The growth of crystals Crystal lattices Symmetries in two dimensions Symmetries in three dimensions The strength of metals Dislocations and crystal growth The Bragg-Nye crystal model Chapter 31. Tensors The tensor of polarizability Transforming the tensor components The energy ellipsoid Other tensors; the tensor of inertia The cross product The tensor of stress Tensors of higher rank The four-tensor of electromagnetic momentum Chapter 32. Refractive Index of Dense Materials Polarization of matter Maxwell's equations in a dielectric Waves in a dielectric The complex index of refraction The index of a mixture Waves in metals Low-frequency and high-frequency approximations; the skin depth and the plasma frequency Chapter 33. Reflection from Surfaces Reflection and refraction of light Waves in dense materials The boundary conditions The reflected and transmitted waves Reflection from metals Total internal reflection Chapter 34. The Magnetism of Matter Diamagnetism and paramagnetism Magnetic moments and angular momentum The precession of atomic magnets Diamagnetism Larmor's theorem Classical physics gives neither diamagnetism nor paramagnetism Angular momentum in quantum mechanics The magnetic energy of atoms Chapter 35. Paramagnetism and Magnetic Resonance Quantized magnetic states The Stern-Gerlach experiment The Rabi molecular-beam method The paramagnetism of bulk materials Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization Nuclear magnetic resonance Chapter 36. Ferromagnetism Magnetization currents The field bold0mu mumu HH40HHHH The magnetization curve Iron-core inductances Electromagnets Spontaneous magnetization Chapter 37. Magnetic Materials Understanding ferromagnetism Thermodynamic properties The hysteresis curve Ferromagnetic materials Extraordinary magnetic materials Chapter 38. Elasticity Hooke's law Uniform strains The torsion bar; shear waves The bent beam Buckling Chapter 39. Elastic Materials The tensor of strain The tensor of elasticity The motions in an elastic body Nonelastic behavior Calculating the elastic constants Chapter 40. The Flow of Dry Water Hydrostatics The equations of motion Steady flow—Bernoulli's theorem Circulation Vortex lines Chapter 41. The Flow of Wet Water Viscosity Viscous flow The Reynolds number Flow past a circular cylinder The limit of zero viscosity Couette flow Chapter 42. Curved Space Curved spaces with two dimensions Curvature in three-dimensional space Our space is curved Geometry in space-time Gravity and the principle of equivalence The speed of clocks in a gravitational field The curvature of space-time Motion in curved space-time Einstein's theory of gravitation Index Name Index List of Symbols Front cover About Richard Feynman Preface to the New Millennium Edition Feynman's Preface Foreword Contents Chapter 1. Quantum Behavior Atomic mechanics An experiment with bullets An experiment with waves An experiment with electrons The interference of electron waves Watching the electrons First principles of quantum mechanics The uncertainty principle Chapter 2. The Relation of Wave and Particle Viewpoints Probability wave amplitudes Measurement of position and momentum Crystal diffraction The size of an atom Energy levels Philosophical implications Chapter 3. Probability Amplitudes The laws for combining amplitudes The two-slit interference pattern Scattering from a crystal Identical particles Chapter 4. Identical Particles Bose particles and Fermi particles States with two Bose particles States with n Bose particles Emission and absorption of photons The blackbody spectrum Liquid helium The exclusion principle Chapter 5. Spin One Filtering atoms with a Stern-Gerlach apparatus Experiments with filtered atoms Stern-Gerlach filters in series Base states Interfering amplitudes The machinery of quantum mechanics Transforming to a different base Other situations Chapter 6. Spin One-Half Transforming amplitudes Transforming to a rotated coordinate system Rotations about the z-axis Rotations of 180 and 90 about y Rotations about x Arbitrary rotations Chapter 7. The Dependence of Amplitudes on Time Atoms at rest; stationary states Uniform motion Potential energy; energy conservation Forces; the classical limit The ``precession'' of a spin one-half particle Chapter 8. The Hamiltonian Matrix Amplitudes and vectors Resolving state vectors What are the base states of the world? How states change with time The Hamiltonian matrix The ammonia molecule Chapter 9. The Ammonia Maser The states of an ammonia molecule The molecule in a static electric field Transitions in a time-dependent field Transitions at resonance Transitions off resonance The absorption of light Chapter 10. Other Two-State Systems The hydrogen molecular ion Nuclear forces The hydrogen molecule The benzene molecule Dyes The Hamiltonian of a spin one-half particle in a magnetic field The spinning electron in a magnetic field Chapter 11. More Two-State Systems The Pauli spin matrices The spin matrices as operators The solution of the two-state equations The polarization states of the photon The neutral K-meson Generalization to N-state systems Chapter 12. The Hyperfine Splitting in Hydrogen Base states for a system with two spin one-half particles The Hamiltonian for the ground state of hydrogen The energy levels The Zeeman splitting The states in a magnetic field The projection matrix for spin one Chapter 13. Propagation in a Crystal Lattice States for an electron in a one-dimensional lattice States of definite energy Time-dependent states An electron in a three-dimensional lattice Other states in a lattice Scattering from imperfections in the lattice Trapping by a lattice imperfection Scattering amplitudes and bound states Chapter 14. Semiconductors Electrons and holes in semiconductors Impure semiconductors The Hall effect Semiconductor junctions Rectification at a semiconductor junction The transistor Chapter 15. The Independent Particle Approximation Spin waves Two spin waves Independent particles The benzene molecule More organic chemistry Other uses of the approximation Chapter 16. The Dependence of Amplitudes on Position Amplitudes on a line The wave function States of definite momentum Normalization of the states in x The Schrödinger equation Quantized energy levels Chapter 17. Symmetry and Conservation Laws Symmetry Symmetry and conservation The conservation laws Polarized light The disintegration of the 0 Summary of the rotation matrices Chapter 18. Angular Momentum Electric dipole radiation Light scattering The annihilation of positronium Rotation matrix for any spin Measuring a nuclear spin Composition of angular momentum Added Note 1: Derivation of the rotation matrix Added Note 2: Conservation of parity in photon emission Chapter 19. The Hydrogen Atom and The Periodic Table Schrödinger's equation for the hydrogen atom Spherically symmetric solutions States with an angular dependence The general solution for hydrogen The hydrogen wave functions The periodic table Chapter 20. Operators Operations and operators Average energies The average energy of an atom The position operator The momentum operator Angular momentum The change of averages with time Chapter 21. The Schrödinger Equation in a Classical Context: A Seminar on Superconductivity Schrödinger's equation in a magnetic field The equation of continuity for probabilities Two kinds of momentum The meaning of the wave function Superconductivity The Meissner effect Flux quantization The dynamics of superconductivity The Josephson junction Feynman's Epilogue Appendix Chapter 34. The Magnetism of Matter Diamagnetism and paramagnetism Magnetic moments and angular momentum The precession of atomic magnets Diamagnetism Larmor's theorem Classical physics gives neither diamagnetism nor paramagnetism Angular momentum in quantum mechanics The magnetic energy of atoms Chapter 35. Paramagnetism and Magnetic Resonance Quantized magnetic states The Stern-Gerlach experiment The Rabi molecular-beam method The paramagnetism of bulk materials Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization Nuclear magnetic resonance Index Name Index List of Symbols Timeless and collectible, The Feynman Lectures on Physics are essential reading, not just for students of physics, but for anyone seeking an insightful introduction to the field from the inimitable Richard P. Feynman. “When I look at The Feynman Lectures on Physics, I feel a very personal sense of closeness to them,” said Feynman, looking back on the origins of these books. Ranging from basic Newtonian dynamics through such formidable theories as Einstein's relativity, Maxwell's electrodynamics, and Dirac's forumulation of quantum mechanics, these collected lectures stand as a monument to clear exposition and deep insight—and to Feynman's deep connection with the field. Originally delivered to students at Caltech and later fashioned by co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands into a unique textbook, the celebrated Feynman Lectures on Physics allows us to experience one of the twentieth century's greatest minds. This new edition features improved typography, figures, and indexes, with corrections authorizedby the California Institute of Technology.

"The whole thing was basically an experiment," Richard Feynman said late in his career, looking back on the origins of his lectures. The experiment turned out to be hugely successful, spawning a book that has remained a definitive introduction to physics for decades. Ranging from the most basic principles of Newtonian physics through such formidable theories as general relativity and quantum mechanics, Feynman's lectures stand as a monument of clear exposition and deep insight. Now, we are reintroducing the printed books to the trade, fully corrected, for the first time ever, and in collaboration with Caltech. Timeless and collectible, the lectures are essential reading, not just for students of physics but for anyone seeking an introduction to the field from the inimitable Feynman.