بیابان حاصلخیز: تاریخ درهٔ میانهٔ فرات تا زمان ورود اسکندر
<<The>> fertile desert a history of the middle Euphrates Valley until the arrival of Alexander
معرفی کتاب «بیابان حاصلخیز: تاریخ درهٔ میانهٔ فرات تا زمان ورود اسکندر» (با عنوان لاتین <<The>> fertile desert a history of the middle Euphrates Valley until the arrival of Alexander) نوشتهٔ Anas Al Khabour، منتشرشده توسط نشر Archaeopress Publishing Ltd در سال 2022. این کتاب در فرمت pdf، زبان انگلیسی ارائه شده است.
The Fertile Desert studies a region of the Euphrates Valley between the Balikh and Khabour in Syria that remains little known. Partial reports, isolated interventions, and proposals for a hypothetical reconstruction of the relationship and processes of cultural expansion between Mesopotamia and the Jazira suggest that the Euphrates has always been a major traffic route. But suggestions on a map must be confirmed on the ground. However, when looking at the usual tools for information or the relevant archaeological charts such as the Tubinger Atlas, we face a paradox: except for a few well-known sites, a surprising void reigns over the archaeological landscape. The difficult circumstances since the outbreak of the war in Syria have made the situation still more problematic. Fortunately, various archaeological expeditions have worked intensively in the region. The possibilities have changed, and the time has come for a review of the evidence. This volume thus attempts to reconstruct the history of the Euphrates Valley between the mouths of the Balikh and the Khabour. Several surveys, archaeological expeditions, and interventions of the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, most featuring the author's own participation, have made available a significant number of data, the majority unpublished, which contribute to an improved overview of the region. The Fertile Desert studies a region of the Euphrates Valley between the Balikh and Khabour in Syria that remains little known. Partial reports, isolated interventions, and proposals for a hypothetical reconstruction of the relationship and processes of cultural expansion between Mesopotamia and the Jazira suggest that the Euphrates has always been a major traffic route. But suggestions on a map must be confirmed on the ground. However, when looking at the usual tools for information or the relevant archaeological charts such as the Tübinger Atlas, we face a paradox: except for a few well-known sites, a surprising void reigns over the archaeological landscape. The difficult circumstances since the outbreak of the war in Syria have made the situation still more problematic. Fortunately, various archaeological expeditions have worked intensively in the region. The possibilities have changed, and the time has come for a review of the evidence. This volume thus attempts to reconstruct the history of the Euphrates Valley between the mouths of the Balikh and the Khabour. Several surveys, archaeological expeditions, and interventions of the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, most featuring the author’s own participation, have made available a significant number of data, the majority unpublished, which contribute to an improved overview of the region. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Dedication 5 Contents Page 7 Acknowledgments 17 Preface 18 Prólogo y reflexión sobre esta obra 19 Chapter 1 21 Introduction 21 The study of human occupation along the Euphrates Valley, between Balikh and Khabour, until the time of Alexander the Great. 21 Surveys 22 Excavations 23 Methodology, hypothesis, and work plan 25 Research objectives 25 References 26 Figure 1. Location of Tell Biaa. 29 Figure 2. The excavations at the palace zone (photo by the author). 30 Figure 3. Small finds from Tell Biaa (photo by the author: Raqqa Museum). 30 Figure 4. Location of Tell Zeidan. 31 Figure 5. Pottery from Tell Zeidan (after Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 31 Figure 6. Stamp from the Late Chalcolithic II (after Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 31 Figure 7. Location of Tell Masri I. 32 Figure 8. Tell Masri I, seen from the top to the north (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 33 Figure 10. Tell Masri II, seen from the top to the north (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 34 Figure 9. Location of Tell Masri II. 34 Figure 11. Location of Tell Mazar. 35 Figure 12. Location of Tell Shennan. 36 Figure 13. General view of Tell Shanan (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 37 Figure 14. Location of Rabtat Abyad. 38 Figure 15. General view of Rabtat Abyad (photo by the author). 38 Figure 16. Collection of superficial sherds (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 38 Figure 17. Location of Maqbarat al Karama. 39 Figure 18. General view of Maqbarat al-Karama (photo by the author). 40 Figure 19. General view of Maqbarat al-Karama (photo by the author). 40 Figure 20. Location of Maqbarat al Karama. 41 Figure 21. General view of Maqbara Qadima (photo by the author). 41 Figure 22. General view of Maqbara Qadima (photo by the author). 41 Figure 23. Collection of superficial sherds (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 41 Figure 24. Location of Wadi Qutena. 42 Figure 25. Location of Jibli. 43 Figure 26. Location of Jibli 9F. 44 Figure 27. Location of Jibli 9E. 45 Figure 28. Location of Jibli 9D. 46 Figure 29. Tumulus tomb of Jibli 9D, view from the southeast (after Nishiaki 2009). 47 Figure 30. Location of Eadi Aain. 48 Figure 31. Tombs of Wadi Aain, view from the east (after Nishiaki 2009). 48 Figure 32. Location of Tell Hamadin. 49 Figure 33. Tell Hamadin, general view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 50 Figure 34. Topographic plan of Tell Hamadin, general view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 50 Figure 35. Location of Zor Shammar Foqani. 51 Figure 36. Location of Wadi Ubaid. 52 Figure 37. Location of Jabal Tbouq. 53 Figure 38. Location of cairn fields M-W of Bishri Mountains 54 Figure 39. Tumulus tomb of cairn fields (after Fuji and Adachi 2010). 55 Figure 40. Bromze pin from a tomb of cairn fields (after Fuji and Adachi 2010). 55 Figure 41. Pendant and beads from a tomb of cairn fields (after Fuji and Adachi 2010). 55 Figure 42. Location of Wadi Kharrar. 56 Figure 43. Wadi Kharrar, general view (after Nishiaki 2009). 56 Figure 44. Wadi Kharrar, lithic artifacts (after Nishiaki 2009). 56 Figure 45. Wadi Kharrar, Middle Paleolithic instruments (after Nishiaki 2009). 56 Figure 46. Location of Wadi Dabaa. 57 Figure 47. Cemetery of Wadi Dabaa (after Numoto and Kume 2010). 58 Figure 48. Pottery sherds from Wadi Dabaa (after Numoto and Kume 2010). 58 Figure 49. Location of Abu Hamad. 59 Figure 50. Cemetery of Abu Hamad (after Meyer 2010). 59 Figure 51. Pottery sherds from Abu Hamad (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour, 2008). 59 Figure 52. Location of Wadi Shabout. 60 Figure 53. Cemetery of Wadi Shabout (after Numoto and Kume 2010). 61 Figure 54. Pottery from Wadi Shabout (after Numoto and Kume 2010). 61 Figure 55. Location of Tell Ghanem al- Ali. 62 Figure 56. Pottery from Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Al Khabour 2012). 62 Figure 57. Location of Wadi Jazla. 63 Figure 58. Cemetery of Wadi Jazla (after Numoto and Kume 2010). 64 Figure 59. Pottery sherds from Wadi Jazla (after Numoto and Kume 2010). 64 Figure 60. Location of Tell Mughla as-Saghir (Betha). 65 Figure 61. Location of Tell Mughla as-Saghir General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 65 Figure 62. Location of Tell Beilouni. 66 Figure 63. Tombs around Tell Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010). 67 Figure 64. Location of Tell Sheikh Mousa. 68 Figure 65. General view (photo of the author). 68 Figure 66. Collection of superficial sherds (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 68 Figure 67. Location of Tell Sweda. 69 Figure 68. General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 70 Figure 69. Location of Tell Maqam. 71 Figure 70. Pottery from Tell Al- Maqam (after Kohlmeyer 1984: 114). 71 Figure 71. Location of Tell Saghir. 72 Figure 72. General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 73 Figure 73. Location of Tell Ahmar. 74 Figure 74. General view (after Goto and Hasigawa 2007). 74 Figure 75. Location of Tell Humeida. 75 Figure 76. General view (after Montero 2011) 76 Figure 77. Pottery from Tell Humeitha (after Montero 2011). 76 Figure 78. Location of Wadi Abu Shahri. 77 Figure 79. Location of Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq. 78 Figure 80. General view of Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq (after Montero et al. 2010). 78 Figure 81. Repertoire of Middle Assyrian pottery (after Montero et al. 2010). 79 Figure 82. Cuneiform tablets from Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq (after Montero et al. 2010). 79 Figure 83. Location of Tell Qsubi. 80 Figure 84. General view of Tell Qsubi (photo by the author). 80 Figure 85. General view of Tell Qsubi (photo by the author). 80 Figure 86. Location of Qsubi tomb. 81 Figure 87. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.1 82 Figure 88. Qleb al Hemma 13.1. 83 Figure 89. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.3. 84 Figure 90. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.3. 84 Figure 91. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.4. 85 Figure 92. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.5. 86 Figure 93. Location of Qleb al Hemma 13.6. 87 Figure 94. Qleb al Hemma 13.6. 88 Figure 95. Qleb al Hemma 13.7. 89 Figure 96. Qleb al Hemma 13.8. 90 Figure 97. Qleb al Hemma 13.8. 90 Figure 98. Qleb al Hemma 13.12. 91 Figure 99. Qleb al Hemma 13.12. 92 Figure 100. Qleb al Hemma 13.13. 93 Figure 101. Qleb al Hemma 13.13. 93 Figure 102. Qleb al Hemma 13.14. 94 Figure 103. Qleb al Hemma 13.14. 95 Figure 104. Qleb al Hemma 13.17. 96 Figure 105. Qleb al Hemma 13.17. 96 Figure 106. Qleb al Hemma 13.18. 97 Figure 107. Qleb al Hemma 13.27. 98 Figure 108. Qleb al Hemma 13.27. 99 Figure 109. Qleb al Hemma 13.30. 100 Figure 110. Qleb al Hemma 13.30. 100 Figure 111. Location of Tell Tebni. 101 Figure 112. General view of Tell Tebni (photo by the author). 102 Figure 113. General view (photo by the author). 102 Figure 114. Location of Tell Abu Makiya. 103 Figure 115. General view of Tell Abu Makiya (after Sanjuro et al. 2009). 103 Figure 116. Pottery from Tell Abu Makiya (after Sanjuro et al. 2009). 103 Figure 117. Location of Tell Abu Fahd. 104 Figure 118. General view of Tell Abu Fahd (after Montero 2009). 105 Figure 119. Excavation of the Syrian-Spanish expedition (after Montero 2009). 105 Figure 120. Location of Nadra. 106 Figure 121. Artefacts from the Neolithic PPNB (after Lonnqvist 2011: 157). 106 Figure 122. Location of Tell Tabus. 107 Figure 123. Artefacts from Tell Tabus (after Lonnqvist 2011). 107 Figure 124. Location of Tell Khraita. 108 Figure 125. Investigated zone to the south of Tell Khraita (after Lonnqvist 2011). 109 Figure 126. Lithic artefacts from Tell Khraita (after Lonnqvist 2011). 109 Figure 127. Location of Tell Ain Abu-Jemaa. 110 Figure 128. Location of Tell Ayyash. 111 Figure 129. Investigated zone of Tell Ayyash (after Lonnqvist 2011). 112 Figure 130. Artifacts from Tell Ayyash (after Lonnqvist 2011). 112 Figure 131. Location of Tell as-Sinn. 113 Figure 132. Flint arrowheads from Tell as-Sin (after Montero and Al-Shbib 2008). 114 Figure 133. Flint arrowheads from Tell as-Sin (after Montero and Al-Shbib 2008). 114 Figure 134. Location of Tell et-Tabie II. 115 Figure 135. Pottery from Tell et-TabiyeII (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 191). 115 Figure 136. Location of Tell Mohasan I. 116 Figure 137. Pottery from Tell Mohasan I (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 150). 117 Figure 138. Location of Tell es-Sabha I. 118 Figure 139. Pottery from Tell es-Sabha I (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 212). 118 Figure 140. Location of Tell es-Salu V. 119 Figure 141. Pottery from Tell es-Salu V (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 205). 120 Figure 142. Location of Tell Bueseire I. 121 Figure 143. Pottery from Tell Buseire I (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 186). 121 Figure 144. Location of Tell Safat ez-Zerr. 122 Figure 145. Pottery from Safat ez-Zerr (after Geyer and Monchambert 2003: 156). 123 Figure 146. Location of Tell Bouqras I. 124 Figure 147. Small finds from Tell Bouqras I (after Akkermans et al. 1983: 357). 124 Chapter 3 127 The occupation of the territory Description of the investigated sites 127 1. Tell Biaa (Tuttul) 127 Description of the investigated sites 127 2. Tell Zeidan 143 3. Wadi Ubeid 151 4. Jabal Tbouq 152 5. Cairn fields northwest of Mt Bishri 155 6. Wadi Kharrar 172 7. Cemetery of Wadi Dabaa 178 8. Cemetery of Abu Hamad 193 9. Wadi Shabout 198 10. Tell Ghanem al-Ali 220 11. Cemetery of Wadi Jazla 232 12. Tell Mugla as-Sagir (Tell Beitha) 238 13. Tell Beilouni 244 14. Tell Humeida 249 15. Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq 255 16. Tell Qsubi -Tell Qalaa 263 16. Tomb of Qsubi 266 17. Qleb al Hemma 267 18. Tell et-Tibni 272 19. Tell Abu Fahd 277 20. Tell As-Sin 280 21. Tell Bouqras I 288 Chapter 4 295 Figure 148. Location of Tell Biaa. 128 Figure 149. The church of Tell Biaa (after Krebernik and Stromminger 1988: 137). 129 Figure 150. General plan of Tell Biaa (after Bösze 2009: 63). 130 Figure 151. The temple (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 128). 131 Figure 152. Plan of one of the palaces (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 133). 131 Figure 153. Plan of the royal tombs of Tuttul (after Bösze 2009: 65). 132 Figure 154. General view of the royal tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 129). 133 Figure 155. Precious objects from the royal tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 130). 133 Figure 156. Reconstruction of the Mausoleum (royal tombs) of Tuttul (after Bösze 2009: 71). 134 Figure 157. Rests of wooden furniture from the royal tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 130). 135 Figure 158. Remains of the fire in Palace B (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 130). 136 Figure 159. Fragments of a bearded from Palace B (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 131). 137 Figure 160. Fragments of Akkadian seal impression (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 132). 137 Figure 161. Individual grave of the high-ranked society (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 132). 138 Figure 162. Cylinder seal from one of the tombs (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 132). 138 Figure 163. Plan of Palace A (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 133). 139 Figure 164. Room 5 of Palace A (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 134). 140 Figure 165. Section of the skeleton pit (after Krebernikna and Strommenger 1998: 135). 140 Figure 166. Map of Ubaid period sites and Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 144 Figure 167. Topographic map showing the three mounds of Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 145 Figure 168. The southern mound of Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 145 Figure 169. Painted pottery from Ubaid period (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 146 Figure 170. Stratigraphic trench in Tell Zeidan, view from the west (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 146 Figure 171. Stratigraphic section of the southern mound (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 147 Figure 172. Pottery from Ubaid period (left.) with decorations from the previous period of Halaf (right.) (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 148 Figure 173. Backed clay “muller” represents a continuation of Ubaid oractices in the Late Chalcolithic I (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 148 Figure 174. Obsidian from Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 148 Figure 175. Blowpipe to melt copper (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 149 Figure 176. Stamp from the Late Chalcolithic II (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 149 Figure 177. Radiocarbon date analisis from Tell Zeidan (Stein and Al Khabour 2008). 150 Figure 178. Location of Wadi Ubaid. 151 Figure 179. Location of Jabal Tbouq. 152 Figure 180. The PPNB flint scatter of Jabal Tbouq in Wadi er-Rhoum, Loc. 1, viewed from the east (after Nishiaki 2008:164) 153 Figure 181. PPNB flint implements from Jabal Tbouq in Wadi er-Rhoum, Loc. 1 (after Nishiaki 2008: 165) 153 Figure 182. Location of Bishri Mountain (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 62). 155 Figure 183. Topographic map of the research area (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 62). 156 Figure 184. Distribution of Bronze Age cairns (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 63). 156 Figure 185. Wadi Hedaja 1 (after Fuji and Adachi, 2010: 65). 157 Figure 186. Segments A and B (after Fuji and Adachi. 2010). 158 Figure 187. BC-10 Plan of the cairn (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 67). 159 Figure 188. General view of BC-10 from SE (after Fuji 2009: 154). 160 Figure 189. General view of the cist, from NW (after Fuji 2009: 154). 160 Figure 190. Human skeletal remains from the central chamber of BC-10 (after Fuji 2009: 154). 161 Figure193. BC-10 Construction material engraved with an animal design (after Fuji 2009: 155). 161 Figure 192. Construction material decorated with herringbone patterns (after Fuji. 2009: 155). 162 Figure 193. BC-10 Construction material engraved with an animal design (after Fuji 2009: 155). 162 Figure 194. Bronze products from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186). 163 Figure 195. Faience products from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186). 163 Figure 196. Agate and faience beads from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186). 163 Figure 197. Snail beads from BC-09 (after Fuji, Adachi and Suzuki 2009: 186). 163 Figure 198. Wadi Hedaja 1: techno-typological sequence of cairns (after Fuji and Adachi 2010: 69). 164 Figure 199. Tor Rahum 1: site map and techno-typological sequence (after Fuji and Adachi 2010:71). 165 Figure 200. Tor Rahum 1: Bronze dagger and sheath from BC-131 (after Fuji et al 2010a:107). 166 Figure 201. Wadi Hayuz 1: General view of BC-05, from SE (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167). 166 Figure 202. Wadi Hayuz 1: Small finds from BC-01 (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167). 167 Figure 203. Wadi Hedaja 2: General view of BC-09, looking NE (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167). 167 Figure 204. Wadi Hedaja 2: Pottery from BC-09 (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167). 168 Figure 205. Wadi Jal al-Tyur 2: BC-01, looking NE (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167). 168 Figure 206. Wadi Jal al-Tyur 2: BC-01, small finds (after Fuji et al. 2010b:167). 168 Figure 207. Wadi Jal al-Tyur 2: General view of BC-02, looking NW (after Fuji et al. 2010b:168). 169 Figure 208. Wadi Jal-at-Tyur 2: General view of some cairns (BC-17-18-19), looking N (after Fuji et a., 2010b: 168). 169 Figure 209. Finds from Structure A: el-Khiam points (after Fuji et al. 2011: 145). 170 Figure 210. Farkat Bidewy 1: structural complex, looking north (after Fuji et al. 2013: 8). 170 Figure 211. Farkat Bidewy 2: BC-01. From northwest (after Fuji et al. 2013: 12). 171 Figure 212. Location of Wadi Kharrar 173 Figure 213. Satellite image of the surveyed area (after Nishiaki et al: 2009: 161). 173 Figure 214. General view of Wadi Kharrar, looking south (after Nishiaki et al: 2009: 162). 174 Figure 215. Spring at a tributary of Wadi Kharrar, looking west. Areas 16 O and 16 P are located on the left bank. Top right is the southern end of Area 16 M on the lower terrace of Wadi Kharrar (after Nishiaki et al: 2009: 162). 174 Figure 217. Chipped stones from Area 16I on a lower terrace of Wadi Kharrar. Tow lunates are on the top left corner of the photo (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163). 175 Figure 218. Middle Paleolithic chipped stones from Area 16AO on upper terrace of Wadi Kharrar (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163). 175 Figure 219. Mound tombs near Area 10N on the plateau along Wadi Ein West, looking east (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163). 177 Figure 220. A burial cairn at Area 9D near the upstream of Wadi Quteina, looking southeast (after Nishiaki et al:2009: 163). 177 Figure 221. Location of Wadi Dabaa. 178 Figure 222. The cemetery of Wadi Dabaa. The map shows the sites of Tell Ghanem al-Ali, Wadi Shabout and Abu Hamad (after Tsuneki 2009). 179 Figure 223. Wadi Dabaa to the south of Ghanem Al-Ali (after Tsuneki 2009). 179 Figure 224. Unit A. Viewed from the west (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 188). 180 Figure 225. Unit B graves used as a garbage pits, viewed from northwest (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 188). 181 Figure 226. Unit C, traces of depressions excavated into the slope by grave robbers, looking west (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189). 181 Figure 227. Shaft of the grave. Tow monolithic Stone seal the entrance of the chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 189). 182 Figure 228. Stairs leading to the chamber, the bottom of the stairs is constructed from mud bricks (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189). 182 Figure 229. Pottery in the burial chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189). 183 Figure 230. Complete vessels recovered from the burial chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010:189). 183 Figure 231. Black Euphrates Ware with spiral burnishing from the burial chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010:190). 183 Figure 232. Zoomorphic pendant (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190). 184 Figure 233. Bronze pin with mushroom-shaped head (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190). 184 Figure 234. Beads (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190). 184 Figure 235. Postholes dug in the chamber (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 190). 185 Figure 236. The entrances of the four shaft tombs excavated in 2010, looking northeast (after Kume et al. 2011: 168). 185 Figure 237. Grave WD1C-2, looking southwest (after Kume et al. 2011: 168). 186 Figure 238. A jar and bottle of Black Euphrates Banded Ware from Grave WD1C-2 (after Kume et al. 2011: 168). 186 Figure 239. A pair of Bronze pins from Grave WD1C-2 (after Kume et al. 2011: 168). 187 Figure 240. Small hole between WD1C-2 and WD1C-2-3. An infant skull and complete vessels were located at the entrance, looking NW (after Kume et al. 2011: 168). 187 Figure 241. Pendant of lapis lazuli (after Kume et al. 2011: 168). 187 Figure 242. Fragmented human remains (after Kume et al. 2011: 169). 188 Figure 243. Two burial chambers of Grave WD1C-3, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011: 169). 189 Figure 244. Recovered human remains from the niche- like chamber of Grave WD1C-3, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011: 169). 189 Figure 245. Pendant with flower-like motif from Grave WD1C-3 (after Kume et al. 2011: 169). 190 Figure 246. Two lateral chambers and a niche-like chamber of Grave WD1C-4, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011: 169). 190 Figure 247. Disarticulated human skull from niche-like burial chamber of Grave WD1C-4 (after Kume et al. 2011:170). 191 Figure 248. Uncovered ditch and the entrance to the burial chamber of grave WD1C-5. A small entrance to Grave WD1C-5-6 and a drain outlet are shown at right in the photo, looking SW (after Kume et al. 2011:170). 191 Figure 249. Ceramic vessels from Grave WD1C-5-6, looking NW (after Kume et al. 2011: 170). 192 Figure 250. Discovered complete ceramic vessels during the 2010 season of the Syrian- Japanese expedition (after Kume et al. 2011: 170). 192 Figure 251. location of the cemetery of Abu Hamad. 194 Figure 252. Plan of the cemetery of Abu Hamad (after Meyer 2010: 156). 194 Figure 253. Grave A5, Stone cist (after Meyer 2010: 157). 195 Figure 254. Grave J1-9, Stone cist (after Meyer 2010: 158). 196 Figure 255. Grave J1-9, Stone cist (after Meyer 2010: 158). 197 Figure 256. Grave J10, Stone cist with part of the covering (left) and the slabs of the side wall (right) (after Meyer 2010: 159). 197 Figure 257. Location of Wadi Shabout. 199 Figure 258. Wadi Shabout (WS) with the three investigated areas (after Numoto and Kume:2009 a:176). 200 Figure 259. Grave-cluster A, WS2, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177). 200 Figure 260. Tomb A1 from northwest (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177). 201 Figure 261. Shell ring ornament (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177). 201 Figure 262. Bronze object (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177). 201 Figure 263. Tomb A2 from the south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 177). 202 Figure 264. Shell rings from Tomb A2 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 178). 202 Figure 265. Shell beads from Tomb A2 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 178). 202 Figure 266. Tomb A3 from northwest (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178). 203 Figure 267. Tomb A4 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178). 203 Figure 268. Both sides of shell ring ornament with spiral groove (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178). 204 Figure 269. Both sides of shell ring ornament with spiral groove (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:178). 204 Figure 270. Tomb A5 from north (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:179). 204 Figure 271. Tomb A6 from west (after Numoto and Kume: 2009:179). 205 Figure 272. Pottery in-situ context at Tomb A6 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179). 206 Figure 273. Nearly complete pottery from Tomb A6 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179). 206 Figure 274. Distribution of grave clusters and isolated graves and their burial types in WS 1 and 2 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179). 207 Figure 275. High mound tombs or tumuli called Tell shabout in WS1, from south overlooking Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 179). 208 Figure 276. Cist/ stone chamber grave (Tomb B2) at Grave-cluster B, WS2, from east (after Numoto and Kume: 2009: 180). 208 Figure 277. Research aeras WS 3 and WS 4 (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 196). 209 Figure 278. Euphrates Banded Ware (Top righ:WS3-Unit C; Bottom right: WS3- Unit N; Top left and bottom left: WS4-Unit A (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197). 210 Figure 279. Pedestal of so-called “champagne” vessel from WS3- Unit C (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197). 210 Figure 280. Possible sherds of Black Euphrates Banded War from WS3-Unit C (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197). 211 Figure 281. WS3- Unit E, looking east (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 197). 211 Figure 282. Sketch map of WS3-Unit E (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 198). 212 Figure 283. WS3- Unit N, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a:198). 212 Figure 284. Sketch map of WS3-Unit N (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a:198). 213 Figure 285. WS4- Unit A, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a: 198). 213 Figure 286. Sketch map of WS4-Unit A (after Numoto and Kume: 2009a :198). 214 Figure 287. Carin discovered beneath earthen mound at Tell Shabout 1, looking north (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135). 215 Figure 288. Discovered cairn at Tell Shabout 1, looking south (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135). 216 Figure 289. Main burial chamber of the cairn, a seriously disturbed above-ground structure was preserved, looking north (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135). 216 Figure 290. Tell Shabout 1. The inner ring and northern wall of the annex, looking east (after Numoto and Kume 2010: 135). 217 Figure 291. Tell Shabout 1 and 2 before soundings, overlooking Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:135). 217 Figure 292. Fragments of possible Early Bronze Age sherds from Tell Shabout 1 (Left: hemispherical bowl; Right: Euphrates Fine Ware (after Numoto and Kume: 2010: 136). 218 Figure 293. Fragments of Roman/ Byzantine terracotta coffin from Tell Shabout 1 (after Numoto and Kume: 2010: 136). 218 Figure 294. Pit grave and surrounding Stone wall at Tell Shabout 2, looking southwest (after Numoto and Kume: 2010: 136). 219 Figure 295. Undisturbed terracotta coffin burial and human remains (after Numoto and Kume: 2010:136). 219 Figure 296. Tell Ghanem al-Ali and the sites included in the Syria/Japan Archaeological Joint Research (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour 2008:135). 221 Figure 297. Plan of Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour 2008:139). 222 Figure 298. Plan of Tell Ghanem al-Ali and excavated areas (after Ohnuma 2011: 154). 222 Figure 299. The three structures of the Square 1, from west (after Hasegawa 2010: 26). 223 Figure 300. Stone walls of Square 1 (after Ohnuma and Al Khabour 2008a: 157). 224 Figure 301. Three- room building level 2, Square 2, from the south (after Kiuchi 2010:179). 224 Figure 302. Complete bowl (after Kiuchi 2010:180). 225 Figure 303. Animal figurine (after Kiuchi 2010:180). 225 Figure 304. Massive wall, from the north-east (after Kiuchi 2010:181). 225 Figure 305. Building level 7 of Square 2, from the south (after Hasegawa 2010: 30). 226 Figure 306. Plan of the site (after Ohnuma 2010a:131). 226 Figure 307. Square 2 (after Hasegawa 2010:210). 227 Figure 308. Grooved rim jar found in pit of Square 3 (after Negishi 2008: 182). 228 Figure 309. Zoomorphic clay figure from Square 3 (after Negishi 2008: 182). 228 Figure 310. Pit grave revealed in Square 6 (after Ohnuma 2010a: 131). 229 Figure 311. Fire instruments in Square 7, from the southeast (after Hasegawa 2011: 159). 230 Figure 312. Square 101 with cobbles allocation (after Khalil and Sultan 2010: 177). 230 Figure 313. Location of Wadi Jazla. 232 Figure 314. Small mound (Area 23H) on the left bank of Wadi Jazla, looking southwest (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161). 233 Figure 315. Stone tools including pestles and basalt grinding slabs that indicate food processing at Wadi Jazla west (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161). 234 Figure 316. Chipped stone from (rea 23H) in Jazla west, top left is probably a Canaanean Blade (burnt) (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161). 234 Figure 317. Pottery sherds like those in Tell Ghanem al-Ali (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161). 235 Figure 318. Large Stone-walled building (Area 23J) on the hilltop of Jazla (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161). 235 Figure 319. Chipped stones collected on the ground surface inside the large building (Area 23J) at Jazla. Top left is probably a Canaanean blade (burnt) (after Nishiaki, Kadowaki and Kume 2009: 161). 236 Figure 320. Middle Bronze Age pottery from one of the plundered shaft tombs at Wadi Jazla west (after Nishiaki and Abbe 2009: 127). 236 Figure 321. Middle Bronze Age tombs, looking southeast (after Nishiaki et al. 2012: 4). 237 Figure 322. Another mound (23CG), looking north (after Nishiaki et al. 2012: 4). 237 Figure 323. Location of Tell Mughla as-Saghir. 239 Figure 324. General view of Tell Mughla as-Saghir, looking south (after Nishiaki et al. 2010: 118). 239 Figure 325. Rectangular structures on the Surface of Tell Mughla as-Saghir (after Nishiaki et al.: 2010). 240 Figure 326. The three principal settlements: Tell Hamadin (left), Tell Ghanem al-Ali (center) and Tell Mugla as-Saghir (right) with a 5-6km distance between them. 241 Figure 327. Cemetery from the Early Bronze Age distributed, looking west (after Nishiaki et al.: 2010). 241 Figure 328. Surface ceramic on the EBA shaft tombs after Nishiaki et al.: 2010). 242 Figure 329. Rectangular depression with shaft tombs along the Edge (26E) near Mugla as-Saghir, looking west (after Nishiaki 2010: 42). 242 Figure 330. Artifacts from the south of the funerary zone of Mughla as-Saghir (after Nishiaki et al.: 2010). 243 Figure 331. Location of Tell Beilouni. 244 Figure 332. Cairn field near Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010: 43). 245 Figure 333. Fragments of pottery from the Euphrates ware dated to EBA from cairn tombs in Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010: 43). 246 Figure 334. Cairn field at Beilouni, looking north (after Nishiaki et al. 2011:132). 246 Figure 335. Sherds of Black Euphrates Fine Ware near the Cairns of Beilouni, Area 9J (after Nishiaki et al.: 2011: 131). 247 Figure 336. A large cairn on the top of the Mound near the southwestern corner of the field cairn of Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki et al. 2011: 133). 247 Figure 337. Cairn surrounded by rectangular structures at Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki et al. 2011: 133). 248 Figure 338. Artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic at Wadi Beilouni (after Nishiaki 2010). 248 Figure 339. Location of Tell Humeida. 250 Figure 340. The western part of Tell Humeida (after Montero et al. 2012: 311). 251 Figure 341. General view of Tell Humeida (after Montero et al. 2012: 311). 251 Figure 342. Beveled rim bowls from the western side of Tell Humeida (after Montero et al. 2012: 311). 252 Figure 343. Beveled rim bowls from Tell Humeida (after Montero 2011:215). 252 Figure 344.The Byzantine wall of Tell Humeida (after Montero, 2012: 312). 253 Figure 345. Phase 2 of the Uruk layer at Tell Humeida (after Montero 2012: 313). 254 Figure 346. Location of Tell Qabr Abu al-Atiq. 255 Figure 347. Room 1 (after Montero, Al- Shabib, Marquez and Caramelo 2011: 171). 256 Figure 34
دانلود کتاب بیابان حاصلخیز: تاریخ درهٔ میانهٔ فرات تا زمان ورود اسکندر
The Fertile Desert studies a region of the Euphrates Valley between the Balikh and Khabour in Syria that remains little known. Partial reports, isolated interventions, and proposals for a hypothetical reconstruction of the relationship and processes of cultural expansion between Mesopotamia and the Jazira suggest that the Euphrates has always been a major traffic route. But suggestions on a map must be confirmed on the ground. However, when looking at the usual tools for information or the relevant archaeological charts such as the Tübinger Atlas, we face a paradox: except for a few well-known sites, a surprising void reigns over the archaeological landscape. The difficult circumstances since the outbreak of the war in Syria have made the situation still more problematic. Fortunately, various archaeological expeditions have worked intensively in the region. The possibilities have changed, and the time has come for a review of the evidence. This volume thus attempts to reconstruct the history of the Euphrates Valley between the mouths of the Balikh and the Khabour. Several surveys, archaeological expeditions, and interventions of the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities, most featuring the author's own participation, have made available a significant number of data, the majority unpublished, which contribute to an improved overview of the region.