The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History (Studies in Middle Eastern History)

This Is The First Comprehensive History And Economic Analysis Of The Fertile Crescent During The 19th Century, A Region Currently Encompassing Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, And A Small Part Of Turkey. Presenting 155 Carefully Selected Documents--the Majority Drawn From British And French Archives And Here Published For The First Time, The Balance Translated From Arabic, French, German, Russian, Hebrew, Italian, And Turkish Sources--issawi Provides An In-depth Treatment Of The Economic Life Of The Region, With Chapters On Social Life And Organization, Trade, Transport, Agriculture, Industry, And Public And Private Finance. Including Extensive Cross-references That Pinpoint The Connections Between The Subjects Discussed, The Book Is An Invaluable Resource On A Historically Rich And Dynamic Region. The Fertile Crescent In The Middle Eastern Economy -- General And Social Developments -- Trade -- Transport -- Agriculture -- Industry -- Finance And Public Finance. Charles Issawi [editor]. Includes Indexes. Bibliography: P. 481-493. Contents......Page 10 Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 16 I: The Fertile Crescent in the Middle Eastern Economy......Page 20 II: General and Social Developments......Page 26 1. Syria under Egyptian Rule, 1831–1840......Page 56 2. The Costs of Civil Strife, 1845–1860......Page 62 3. Peasant Uprisings in Lebanon, 1840s–1850s......Page 65 4. Cholera, 1865......Page 68 5. Education in Lebanon, 1869......Page 71 6. Working-Class Conditions, 1838, 1873......Page 72 7. Problems of Development of Syria, 1878......Page 73 8. Tribes in the Syrian Desert, 1880......Page 76 9. Sanjaq of Dayr al-Zur, 1881......Page 78 10. Agriculture and Industry in Hama Region, 1883......Page 82 11. Education in Syria, 1885......Page 84 12. Syrian Emigrants to America, 1904......Page 88 13. Report on the Vilayet of Aleppo, 1890......Page 90 14. Agriculture and Textiles of Damascus, 1879......Page 95 15. Lebanon, 1900......Page 96 16. Mutasarriflik of Hama, 1911......Page 101 17. Tourism in Lebanon, 1914......Page 102 18. Economic and Social Innovations in Aleppo, 1853–1914......Page 104 19. Men's Daily Wages in Syria, 1820–1915......Page 106 20. Gross Value of Production in Syria, 1913......Page 108 21. Mosul, 1750–1800......Page 110 22. Iraq in 1800......Page 114 23. Plagues in Iraq, 1689–1877......Page 116 24. Plagues and Floods in Baghdad, 1822 and 1831......Page 118 26. Piracy on the Euphrates, Disturbances at Basra, 1820......Page 122 27. Iraq under Dawud Pasha, 1817–1831......Page 124 28. Request for Physician and Arms in Baghdad, Introduction of Vaccination, 1824......Page 128 29. Pashalik of Baghdad, 1851......Page 130 30. Conditions along Proposed Telegraph Route, 1856......Page 131 31. Midhat Pasha's Projected Reforms, 1869......Page 132 32. Midhat Pasha's Reforms, 1869–1872......Page 133 33. Economy of Mosul, 1884......Page 137 34. Floods in Iraq, 1894......Page 139 35. Baghdad in 1908......Page 140 III: Trade......Page 144 1. Trade of Alexandretta (Aleppo)......Page 169 2. Trade of Beirut......Page 171 3. Trade of Damascus......Page 173 4. Trade of Jaffa......Page 174 5. Trade of Aleppo, 18th century......Page 175 6. Trade of Damascus, 1825......Page 176 7. Emergence of Beirut, 1827......Page 177 8. Trade of Beirut, 1838......Page 179 9. British Trade and the Rise of Beirut, 1830–1860......Page 180 10. Trade and Handicrafts of Aleppo, 1855......Page 185 11. Trade of Jaffa, 1899......Page 188 12. Trade of Baghdad......Page 190 13. Trade of Basra......Page 191 14. Trade of Mosul......Page 192 15. Imports and Exports of Bombay with Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf (Red Sea), 1801–1858......Page 193 16. Trade of Iraq, 1790s......Page 195 17. Indigo Imports, 1801......Page 199 18. Complaints of Imam of Musqat regarding Basra Customs, 1801......Page 202 19. Tariffs in Iraq, Aleppo, and Constantinople, 1810......Page 203 20. Trade of Basra and Baghdad, 1814......Page 204 21. Trade of Baghdad, 1824......Page 206 22. Merchandise Trade and Money Transactions of Basra, 1845–1846......Page 207 23. Slave Trade, Basra, 1847......Page 209 24. Trade of Mosul, 1858......Page 210 25. Trade, Shipping, Currency, and Prices in Basra, 1859......Page 212 26. Value, Quantity, and Price of Main Exports and Imports, 1864–1958......Page 216 IV: Transport......Page 220 1. Damascus–Baghdad Caravans, 1847......Page 241 2. Ports of Syria and Projected Railway to Basra, 1856......Page 242 3. Steam Navigation along the Syrian Coast, 1859......Page 244 4. Project for Port of Beirut, 1868......Page 246 5. Alexandretta–Aleppo–Birejik Road, 1868, 1881......Page 248 6. Transport Costs, 1883......Page 251 7. Land Transport in Syria, End of 19th Century......Page 252 8. Hajj Caravan, 1903......Page 253 9. Alexandretta, Port and Roads, 1899, 1903......Page 256 10. Navigation on the Euphrates, 1903......Page 257 11. Hijaz Railway, 1906......Page 259 12. Gulf Shipping in Bombay, 1804......Page 263 13. Baghdad–Aleppo and Damascus Caravan, 1850s......Page 264 14. Government Steamers on Tigris, 1904......Page 266 15. Navigability of Euphrates and Tigris, 1905......Page 267 16. German Views on Baghdad Railway, 1902......Page 270 17. Baghdad Railway: British Interests and Views, 1907......Page 274 18. Shipping in Basra and the Persian Gulf, 1864–1910......Page 276 19. Means of Transportation in Iraq, 1912......Page 279 20. Gulf Steamer Services, 1914......Page 283 V: Agriculture......Page 286 1. Lebanese Agriculture, 1850s......Page 307 2. Sponge Fishing, 1839......Page 313 3. Tobacco Cultivation, 1843......Page 315 4. Sheep Raising, Damascus Region, 1851......Page 318 5. Potential for Agricultural Development in Syria, 1855......Page 319 6. Silk in Lebanon and Syria, 1852, 1879, 1900......Page 322 7. Cotton in Aleppo Region, 1864......Page 324 8. Agriculture, 1871......Page 325 9. Problems of Agricultural Development, 1878......Page 327 10. Hauran Wheat, 1897......Page 328 11. Winemaking in Central Syria, 1898......Page 329 13. German Settlements in Palestine, 1902......Page 330 14. Latakia Region, 1903......Page 331 15. Two Farms in Palestine, 1905......Page 332 16. Olives in the Haifa Region, 1910......Page 336 17. Silk in Lebanon, 1914......Page 337 18. Trade with the Beduins, 1914......Page 342 19. Changes in Landownership in the Ghuta of Damascus, 19th and 20th Centuries......Page 346 20. Land Tenure in Syria......Page 347 21. A European-Owned Farm in Palestine, 1869–1923......Page 349 22. An Early Jewish Settlement: Petah Tikva, 1878–1918......Page 354 24. Wool Trade of Iraq, 1860......Page 360 25. Prospects for Cotton Cultivation, 1863......Page 364 26. Agriculture in Iraq, 1865......Page 365 27. Hindiyya Dam, 1888–1890......Page 367 28. Date Trade in Basra, 1897......Page 368 29. Irrigation in Iraq, 1907......Page 370 30. Irrigation Schemes, 1911......Page 373 31. Irrigation Projects, Iraq, 1914......Page 375 32. Agricultural Production and Potential, 1919......Page 376 33. Land Tenure......Page 380 VI: Industry......Page 384 1. Handicrafts in Lebanon, 1835......Page 399 2. Weaving Industry in Damascus, 1850, 1863......Page 400 3. Handicrafts in Aleppo, 1870......Page 403 4. Innovations in Damascus Weaving, 1850s–1870s......Page 404 5. Effect of Westernization on Crafts and Trades in Damascus, 1891......Page 405 6. Silk Handlooms in Damascus, 1902......Page 409 7. Mines in Aleppo Vilayet, 1902......Page 410 8. Textile Handicrafts in Baghdad, 1842......Page 412 9. Handicrafts, Industry, and Working-Class Conditions......Page 413 10. Handlooms in Baghdad, 1907......Page 417 11. Petroleum Production, 1871......Page 419 12. Oil Showings, 1914......Page 420 13. Prospects of Petroleum in Baghdad Vilayet, 1918......Page 421 14. Memorandum on Reported Oilfields of Mesopotamia and Part of Persia, 1918......Page 422 VII: Finance and Public Finance......Page 424 1. Price of Wheat in Syria, 1756–1913......Page 440 2. Prices of Foodstuffs in Syria, 1756–1912......Page 444 3. Money Market in Aleppo, 1801......Page 446 4. Cost of Living in Lebanon, 1820–1840......Page 447 5. Government Revenue and Expenditure, 1841......Page 448 6. Fiscal Policy and the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Commercial Convention......Page 449 7. Revenues and Tithes of Syrian Provinces, 1833–1914......Page 452 8. Finances of Aleppo, 1858......Page 454 9. Finances of Damascus, 1858......Page 457 11. Debt in Gaza, 1850......Page 460 13. Budget of Damascus, 1895–1896......Page 463 14. Budget of Aleppo, 1902......Page 465 15. Revenues and Tithes of Iraqi Provinces, 1839–1911......Page 467 16. Revenues and Economic Conditions in Mosul, 1845......Page 468 17. Attempt to Control the Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1848......Page 474 18. Monopolies, Taxes, and Extortion in Baghdad, 1848......Page 476 19. Duties on Transport and Export of Grain, 1857......Page 478 20. Tithes in Mosul Province, 1863......Page 479 21. Abolition of Certain Monopolies, 1863......Page 480 22. A Conservative and Nationalist Governor, 1866......Page 481 23. Midhat Pasha's Land Tax Reforms, 1869–1872......Page 482 24. Currency in Basra, 1892......Page 485 25. Banking in Baghdad, 1907......Page 486 26. Tax Collection on Land and Other Sources, 1908......Page 487 27. Commercial and Financial Practices in Iraq, 1908......Page 490 28. Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1855–1914......Page 492 29. Price of Foodstuffs in Iraq, 1855–1865......Page 493 Appendix: Weights and Measures......Page 494 Bibliography......Page 498 I......Page 512 T......Page 513 W......Page 514 B......Page 516 I......Page 517 S......Page 518 Z......Page 519 This is the first comprehensive history and economic analysis of the Fertile Crescent during the 19th century, a region currently encompassing Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and a small part of Turkey. Presenting 155 carefully selected documents--the majority drawn from British and French archives and here published for the first time, the balance translated from Arabic, French, German, Russian, Hebrew, Italian, and Turkish sources--Issawi provides an in-depth treatment of the economic life of the region, with chapters on social life and organization, trade, transport, agriculture, industry, and public and private finance. Including extensive cross-references that pinpoint the connections between the subjects discussed, the book is an invaluable resource on a historically rich and dynamic region. -- Publisher description Professor Issawi, a widely known authority on the Middle East, has compiled this first systematic economic history of the Fertile Crescent in the 19th century. The book comprises a comprehensive selection of documents from sources in Englsih and seven other translated languages, the majority of which have never before been published.