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A famed political scientist's classic argument for a more cooperative world We assume that, in a world ruled by natural selection, selfishness pays. So why cooperate? In The Evolution of Cooperation , political scientist Robert Axelrod seeks to answer this question. In 1980, he organized the famed Computer Prisoners Dilemma Tournament, which sought to find the optimal strategy for survival in a particular game. Over and over, the simplest strategy, a cooperative program called Tit for Tat, shut out the competition. In other words, cooperation, not unfettered competition, turns out to be our best chance for survival. A vital book for leaders and decision makers, The Evolution of Cooperation reveals how cooperative principles help us think better about everything from military strategy, to political elections, to family dynamics. Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Preface Foreword to the New Edition of the Evolution of Cooperation References I: Introduction Chapter 1: The Problem of Cooperation II: The Emergence of Cooperation Chapter 2: The Success of Tit FOR Tat in Computer Tournaments Chapter 3: The Chronology of Cooperation III: Cooperation Without Friendship or Foresight Chapter 4: The Live-and-Let-Live System in Trench Warfare in World War I Chapter 5: The Evolution of Cooperation in Biological Systems IV: Advice for Participants and Reformers Chapter 6: How to Choose Effectively 1. Don’t be envious 2. Don’t be the first to defect 3. Reciprocate both cooperation and defection 4. Don’t be too clever Chapter 7: How to Promote Cooperation 1. Enlarge the shadow of the future 2. Change the payoffs 3. Teach people to care about each other 4. Teach reciprocity 5. Improve recognition abilities V: Conclusions Chapter 8: The Social Structure of Cooperation Labels, Stereotypes, and Status Hierarchies Reputation and Deterrence The Government and the Governed Territoriality Chapter 9: The Robustness of Reciprocity Appendix A: Tournament Results Appendix B: Proofs of the Theoretical Propositions Notes Chapter 1. The Problem of Cooperation Chapter 2. The Success of TIT FOR TAT in Computer Tournaments Chapter 3. The Chronology of Cooperation Chapter 4. The Live-and-Let-Live System in Trench Warfare in World War I Chapter 5. The Evolution of Cooperation in Biological Systems (with William D. Hamilton) Chapter 6. How to Choose Effectively Chapter 7. How to Promote Cooperation Chapter 8. The Social Structure of Cooperation Chapter 9. The Robustness of Reciprocity Appendix A. Tournament Results Appendix B. Proofs of the Theoretical Propositions Bibliography Index The Much-discussed Book That Explores How Cooperation Can Emerge In A World Of Self-seeking Egoists--whether Superpowers, Businesses, Or Individuals--when There Is No Central Authority To Police Their Actions. The Evolution Of Cooperation Addresses A Simple Yet Age-old Question: If Living Things Evolve Through Competition, How Can Cooperation Ever Emerge? Despite The Abundant Evidence Of Cooperation All Around Us, There Existed No Purely Naturalistic Answer To This Question Until 1979, When Robert Axelrod Famously Ran A Computer Tournament Featuring A Standard Game-theory Exercise Called The Prisoner's Dilemma. To Everyone's Surprise, The Program That Won The Tournament, Named Tit For Tat, Was Not Only The Simplest But The Most Cooperative Entrant. This Unexpected Victory Proved That Cooperation--one Might Even Say Altruism--is Mathematically Possible And Therefore Needs No Hidden Hand Or Divine Agent To Create And Sustain It. A Great Roadblock To The Understanding Of All Sorts Of Behavior Was At Last Removed. The Updated Edition Includes An Extensive New Chapter On Cooperation In Cancer Cells And Among Terrorist Organizations.--publisher. The Problem Of Cooperation -- The Success Of Tit For Tat In Computer Tournaments -- The Chronology Of Cooperation -- The Live-and-let-live System In Trench Warfare In World War I -- The Evolution Of Cooperation In Biological Systems / With William D. Hamilton -- How To Choose Effectively -- How To Promote Cooperation -- The Social Structure Of Cooperation -- The Robustness Of Reciprocity. Robert Axelrod. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 223-229) And Index. The Evolution of Cooperation provides valuable insights into the age-old question of whether unforced cooperation is ever possible. Widely praised and much-discussed, this classic book explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoistswhether superpowers, businesses, or individualswhen there is no central authority to police their actions. The problem of cooperation is central to many different fields. Robert Axelrod recounts the famous computer tournaments in which the cooperative program Tit for Tat recorded its stunning victories, explains its application to a broad spectrum of subjects, and suggests how readers can both apply cooperative principles to their own lives and teach cooperative principles to others.

This widely praised and much-discussed book explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoists—whether superpowers, businesses, or individuals—when there is no central authority to police their actions.

The book that explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egotists, when there is no central authority to police their actions.

This widely praised and much-discussed book explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoists whether superpowers, businesses, or individuals when there is no central authority to police their actions Examines the conditions necessary for cooperation in social interactions and discusses the role of cooperation in winning a strategy game tournament Updated for the first time, the classic book on why cooperation is not only natural but also the best survival strategy UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS will cooperation emerge in a world of egoists without central authority? Author is an alumnus of Evanston Township High School, class of 1961