The European Union’s Immigration Policy: Managing Migration in Turkey and Morocco (The European Union in International Affairs)

This book analyzes the externalization of the EU’s immigration and asylum practices towards non-member transit countries and the consequences of this process. Selected policy areas of externalization (border management, visa policy, readmission agreements and asylum policy) are applied to Turkey and Morocco as two main migration transit countries within two different institutional cooperation mechanisms: Turkey as an EU candidate country within the EU’s enlargement policy; Morocco without membership prospect within the EU’s neighborhood policy. Yıldız applies theoretical debates and critically compares the rhetoric in policy papers with practice in the field. This volume not only contributes to the issue of the external dimension of EU immigration policy by incorporating transit countries into the debate, but also expands upon our understanding of the EU’s contested external governance paradigm. It will be of use to students, scholars, and policy makers in the field of European studies, migration and asylum studies, international relations, and political science. Acknowledgements 8 Contents 10 Abbreviations 12 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 16 Editorial Advisory Board 18 Chapter 1: Introduction 19 1.1 The Purpose and Relevance of the Study 20 1.2 Methodology 21 1.3 Structure of the Book 23 References 25 Chapter 2: Theorizing the External Dimension of EU’s Immigration Policy 26 2.1 Conceptualizing the External Dimension of EU’s Immigration Policy 27 2.1.1 ‘Remote Control’ Approach 29 2.1.2 Root Cause Approach 31 2.2 Theoretical Foundations of theExternal Dimension of EU Immigration Policy 35 2.2.1 External Governance: Policy Externalization Towards Non-member Third Countries 36 2.2.2 Europeanization Beyond Europe 39 2.3 Multilateral and Bilateral Mechanisms of Third-Country Cooperation 43 2.3.1 Comprehensive Institutional Framework: European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement 44 2.3.2 Technical and Financial Assistance Frameworks 47 2.3.3 Governmental, Intergovernmental and Multilateral Actors 48 2.4 Conclusion 50 Notes 51 References 52 Chapter 3: Institutionalization of the External Dimension of EU Immigration Policy 57 3.1 Why Did the EU Develop an External Policy on Immigration and Asylum? 57 3.1.1 The Internal-External Security Nexus to Sustain the European Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 58 3.1.2 Global Approach to Migration for Economic and Social Development 63 3.2 Development of the Legal and Institutional Framework: From ‘Intergovernmental Cooperation’ to ‘Task-Specific Policy Network’ 65 3.2.1 Locating the External Dimension of Immigration Under the EU’s Competences: External Relations or Justice and Home Affairs? 69 3.2.2 Transit Migration Countries: A Politically Constructed Concept 72 3.3 Specific Policy Areas of the EU’s Externalization of Migration Management 77 3.3.1 Border Management or Border Control? 77 3.3.2 Mobility Partnerships to Foster Legal Migration 82 3.3.3 Visa Policy 83 3.3.4 EU Readmission Agreements 86 3.3.5 Asylum Policy in External Cooperation 91 3.4 Migration and External Relations in the EU’s 2014–2020 Budget 95 3.5 Cooperation with Third Countries: Burden Sharing or Burden Shifting? 97 3.6 Conclusion 102 Notes 104 References 105 Chapter 4: Implications of the External Dimension of European Immigration Policy for Turkey 113 4.1 Conceptualizing Turkey as a Transit Migration Country: Reformulating the Reality? 113 4.1.1 Turkey as an Emigration Country 114 4.1.2 Turkey’s Transformation into a Transit and a Destination Country 115 4.2 International Transit Migration Flows to Turkey 119 4.2.1 Regular Migration 119 4.2.2 Irregular Migration and Turkey 120 4.2.3 Shuttle/Circular Migration 121 4.2.4 Asylum Seekers and Refugees 122 4.3 Europeanization of Migration and Asylum Management in Turkey Within the EU’s Enlargement Policy 124 4.3.1 Harmonization of the Legal and Institutional Framework 125 4.3.2 Cooperation on Border Management 127 4.3.3 Cooperation on Visa Policy 133 4.3.4 Readmission Agreement and Visa Liberalization: From Membership Conditionality to Policy Conditionality 137 4.3.5 Cooperation on Asylum Policy 139 4.4 Limits of Cooperation 142 4.5 Task-Specific Cooperation Through Financial and Technical Assistance Mechanisms 147 4.6 Negative Externalities for Turkey: Understanding Turkey’s Resistance 150 4.7 Conclusion 153 Notes 160 References 160 Chapter 5: Implications of the External Dimension of European Immigration Policy for Morocco 167 5.1 Morocco’s Experience of International Migration 168 5.1.1 Morocco as an Emigration Country 169 5.1.2 Transformation of Morocco to a Transit and a Destination Country 172 5.2 International Migration Flows to Morocco 174 5.2.1 Regular Migration 175 5.2.2 Irregular Migration 176 5.2.3 Asylum Seekers and Refugees 177 5.3 Dynamics of EU–Morocco Relations: Europeanized Morocco? 178 5.3.1 Migration and North Africa Region in the ENP 180 5.3.2 Politics and Economics as Determinant Factors in EU–Morocco Relations 182 5.3.3 Morocco’s Advanced Status (Statut Avancé) 184 5.4 Europeanization of Migration and Asylum Management in Morocco within the EU’s Neighborhood Policy 186 5.4.1 Harmonization of the Legal and Institutional Framework 188 5.4.2 Cooperation on Border Management 189 5.4.3 Cooperation on Visa Policy 192 5.4.4 Readmission Agreement and Mobility Partnership 193 5.4.5 Cooperation on Asylum Policy 194 5.5 Limits of Cooperation 195 5.6 Task-Specific Cooperation Through Financial and Technical Assistance Mechanisms 197 5.7 Negative Externalities for Morocco: Understanding Morocco’s Resistance 198 5.8 Conclusion 200 Notes 206 References 206 Chapter 6: Conclusion 211 6.1 Conclusions from the Theoretical Analysis 213 6.2 Conclusions from the Conceptual and Institutional Analysis 215 6.3 Conclusions from the Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Morocco 217 6.4 Future Prospects and Policy Suggestions 220 References 222 References 223 Index 225 Annotation This book analyzes the externalization of the EU's immigration and asylum practices towards non-member transit countries and the consequences of this process. Selected policy areas of externalization (border management, visa policy, readmission agreements and asylum policy) are applied to Turkey and Morocco as two main migration transit countries within two different institutional cooperation mechanisms: Turkey as an EU candidate country within the EU's enlargement policy; Morocco without membership prospect within the EU's neighborhood policy. Yldzapplies theoretical debates and critically compares the rhetoric in policy papers with practice in the field. This volume not only contributes to the issue of the external dimension of EU immigration policy by incorporating transit countries into the debate, but also expands upon our understanding of the EU's contested external governance paradigm. It will be of use to students, scholars, and policy makers in the field of European studies, migration and asylum studies, international relations, and political science Front Matter....Pages i-xvii Introduction....Pages 1-7 Theorizing the External Dimension of EU’s Immigration Policy....Pages 9-39 Institutionalization of the External Dimension of EU Immigration Policy....Pages 41-96 Implications of the External Dimension of European Immigration Policy for Turkey....Pages 97-150 Implications of the External Dimension of European Immigration Policy for Morocco....Pages 151-194 Conclusion....Pages 195-206 Back Matter....Pages 207-213