The European Integration, Vol. 2: Institutions and Policies (Springer Texts in Political Science and International Relations)

This two-volume textbook teaches about the uniqueness and the difficulty of the European unification project. It describes, as clearly as possible, what Robert Schuman declared in 1950, that'... Europe will not be made all at once...'. Navigating the nexus of four academic fields - political science, institutional analysis, economics, and history - the book serves as a reference work for accurate, exhaustive, and well-researched information on the creation and functioning of the European Union. Volume 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the European Union's institutions and policies, such as agricultural and fisheries policies, economic and monetary policy, environmental policy, foreign affairs and defence policy, social policy, competition policy, regional policy, as well as immigration and asylum policy. Supported by numerous photographs, diagrams, maps, and sources, the book will serve as an essential textbook for undergraduate and graduate students studying the subject of European integration, as well as a useful resource for a broader audience interested in the European integration process. Contents 1: Introduction 1.1 The Present Contribution Bibliography 2: Theoretical Perspectives on European Integration and Its Evolutionary Trajectory 2.1 The European Unification/Integration 2.1.1 Federalism Extract from the Draft Treaty Establishing the European Union (Spinelli ́s Plan) 2.1.2 Functionalism Description of the Functional Method from David Mitrany ́s 1943 Article ``A Working Peace System ́ ́ 2.1.3 Neo-functionalism Definition of Political Integration from Ernst Haas ́ Book The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-19... The Technocratic Significance of the Integration Process from the Introduction to the 2nd Edition of Ernst Haas ́ Book The Unit... The Definition of ``Spillover ́ ́ by Leon Lindberg ́s 1963 Book The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration 2.1.4 Intergovernmentalism The Importance of Units (States) in an International System, According to Stanley Hoffman from His 1966 Article ``Obstinate or... Neill Nugent ́s Definition of Intergovernmentalism from His 2006 Book Government and Politics of the European Union The Role of Societal Interest Groups According to Andrew Moravcsik from His 1993 Article ``Preferences and Power in the Europe... 2.1.5 Other Integration Theories 2.2 The Integration Process and Attempts to Interpret It 2.2.1 The Start of the Integration Process and the First Difficulties 2.2.2 The Integration Process After the Single European Act 2.2.3 A Brief Assessment of the Integration Process References 3: The Institutions of the European Union and the Legislative Procedures 3.1 The Institutions and Their Functioning 3.1.1 The Commission: Historical Development and Operation 3.1.2 The European Parliament: Historical Development and Functioning 3.1.3 The Council (of Ministers) of EU: Historical Development 3.1.4 The European Council: Historical Development and Functioning 3.1.5 The Court of Justice of the EU: Historical Development and Functioning 3.1.6 The Court of Auditors: Historical Development and Functioning 3.1.7 The European Central Bank 3.1.8 Other Important EU Organisations 3.2 Legislative Procedures 3.2.1 The Consultation Procedure 3.2.2 The Consent Procedure 3.2.3 The Cooperation Procedure 3.2.4 The Ordinary Legislative Procedure (Formerly Co-decision Procedure) 3.2.5 Other Special Legislative Procedures Bibliography 4: The Perception of ``Democratic Deficit ́ ́ in the European Union 4.1 Defining the ``Democratic Deficit ́ ́ 4.1.1 Historical Background and Definition of the ``Democratic Deficit ́ ́ Excerpt from Chapter One of the JEF Manifesto, Entitled ``The Democratic Deficit ́ ́, Dated 10 October 1977 4.1.2 Legitimisation of the EU Political System by Procedures 4.1.3 Legitimisation of the EU Political System by Outcomes 4.1.4 The Socio-Psychological Dimension and the ``European Municipality ́ ́ 4.2 Attempts to Assess the Sense of Democratic Deficit 4.2.1 Citizens ́ Views on the EU Through the Eurobarometer 4.2.2 Interest of European Citizens in Participating in the European Elections 4.2.3 Data from Referendums on Treaty Ratifications 4.2.4 Evidence from the British Referendum to Remain or Not in the EU 4.2.5 Citizens Need More Knowledge and Information References 5: The Budget of the European Union and the Underpinning of the Union ́s Policies 5.1 The Budget of the European Union 5.1.1 Evolution of the EU ́s Finances and Budget 5.1.2 The EU ́s Budget Revenue and Expenditure Until Today 5.2 The Future EU Budget 5.2.1 The EU ́s Budget Revenue According to MFF 2021-2027 5.2.2 The EU ́s Budget Expenditure According to MFF 2021-2027 5.2.3 The EU ́s Annual Budget Adoption Procedure References 6: The Common Agricultural Policy: Purpose, Evolution and Future Projections 6.1 Purpose and Creation of the Common Agricultural Policy 6.1.1 The Different Agricultural Structures of the EU Member States 6.1.2 The Foundations of a Common Agricultural Policy 6.2 The Launch and Reforms of the CAP 6.2.1 The Launch of the CAP (the Mansholt Plan) 6.2.2 The 1992 Reform (the MacSharry Reform) 6.2.3 Relations with Trading Partners and the GATT Negotiations 6.2.4 Agenda 2000 (Fischler Reform I) 6.2.5 The 2003 Mid-Term Review (Fischler Reform II) 6.2.6 The 2008 ``Health Check ́ ́ (Boel Reform) 6.2.7 The 2013 Reform (Ciolos Reform) 6.2.8 The New CAP for the Period 2021-2027 6.2.9 The LEADER Initiative 6.2.10 A Brief Assessment of the CAP 6.2.11 Figures for the EU Agricultural Sector 6.3 The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) 6.3.1 Launch of the CFP. The Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance 6.3.2 The 2002 Reform. The European Fisheries Fund 6.3.3 Reform of 2013. The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund 6.3.4 The CFP After 2020 6.3.5 EU Fisheries Sector Figures References 7: Regional Policy: Disparities, Development and Future Direction 7.1 The Exercise of Regional Policy in the EU 7.1.1 The Existence of Regional Disparities in the EC and the EU 7.1.2 Arguments for the Establishment of European Regional Policy 7.2 Regional Policy Programmes in the EU 7.2.1 The Regional Policy of the EC up to 1986 7.2.2 The Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (1986-1989/1993) 7.2.3 The Community Support Frameworks After 1988: The First CSF (1989-1993) 7.2.4 Review of the Regulatory Framework: The Second CSF (1994-1999) 7.2.5 New Review of the Regulatory Framework: The Third CSF (2000-2006) 7.2.6 The National Strategic Reference Frameworks: The NSRF 2007-2013 7.2.7 Review of Regional Policy: The NSRF 2014-2020 7.2.8 The New Regional Policy for the Period 2021-2027 7.2.9 Assessment of the Evolution of European Regional Policy References 8: Economic and Monetary Policy: Origin, Evolution and Current Challenges 8.1 The Necessity and Origins of an Economic Policy 8.1.1 The Beginnings of a Single Economic Policy 8.1.2 Plans for Economic and Monetary Union: The Werner Report 8.1.3 The European Currency Snake 8.1.4 The European Monetary System 8.1.5 The Single European Act and the Single Internal Market 8.1.6 Progress of the Single Internal Market 8.2 The Implementation of Economic and Monetary Union 8.2.1 The Delors ́ Report on EMU 8.2.2 The Implementation of the First Stage of EMU 8.2.3 Promoting EMU Through the Treaty on European Union 8.2.4 The Functioning of the Single Internal Market After the TEU 8.2.5 The Stability and Growth Pact and the ``Euro ́ ́ 8.3 The EMU After the Euro: The Economic Crisis 8.3.1 The Course of EMU and the Eurogroup: The Revision of the SGP 8.3.2 The ``Europe 2020 ́ ́ Strategy 8.3.3 The Introduction of the ``European Semester ́ ́ 8.3.4 The Global Economic Crisis and Its Transfer to the EU 8.3.5 The Reasons for the Transfer of the Economic Crisis to the EU 8.3.6 The First Mechanisms for Responding to the Economic Crisis in the EU 8.3.7 The Permanent European Stability Mechanism (ESM) 8.3.8 Other European Economic Governance Measures in Response to the Crisis 8.3.9 Providing Support to Eurozone and EU Member States 8.4 Towards a Banking Union 8.4.1 The Need for a Banking Union 8.4.2 The European Banking Union as a Complement to EMU 8.4.3 Review of the Progress of EMU by the Relevant Institutions References 9: Foreign and Defence Policy: Historical Developments and Contemporary Challenges 9.1 The First Attempts at European Political Cooperation 9.1.1 The Attempt to Establish a European Defence Community 9.1.2 The Failure to Establish a European Political Community 9.1.3 The ``Re-Founding ́ ́ of the Western European Union 9.1.4 Charles de Gaulle ́s Positions and the Two Fouchet Plans 9.1.5 Request for European Political Cooperation and the Davignon Report 9.1.6 The Copenhagen Report on the EPC and European Identity 9.1.7 The European Council and the EPC: Tindemans Report 9.1.8 Evaluation of the Operation of the EPC 9.1.9 The Genscher-Colombo Project and the Promotion of the EPA 9.1.10 The Mitterand-Kohl Initiative and the Dooge Committee Report 9.1.11 The Single European Act and the Institutionalisation of the EPC 9.2 New Efforts After the SEA for a Common Foreign Policy 9.2.1 A Europe with a Common Face and Official Symbols 9.2.2 Plans for Political Union: Joint Messages of Mitterand and Kohl 9.2.3 The Intergovernmental Conference on Political Cooperation 9.2.4 The Treaty on European Union and the CFSP Pillar 9.2.5 EU Activity in the CFSP Area 9.2.6 Upgrading the WEU Through the CFSP 9.2.7 The EU ́s Attitude to the War in Yugoslavia 9.3 The Common Foreign Policy After the TEU 9.3.1 The Treaty of Amsterdam and Its Implications for the CFSP 9.3.2 Establishment of a European Security and Defence Policy 9.3.3 The Treaty of Nice and Its Implications for the CFSP 9.3.4 The Draft Constitution for Europe and Provisions for CFSP 9.3.5 Progress of the ESDP in the Context of the CFSP: Relations with NATO 9.3.6 The Treaty of Lisbon and the EU ́s External Representation 9.3.7 After the Treaty of Lisbon: The EU ́s Overall Strategy 9.3.8 EU-NATO Cooperation After the Treaty of Lisbon 9.4 Diplomatic Representations and ESDP/CRPD Missions 9.4.1 The EEAS and Diplomatic Delegations 9.4.2 The Operations and Missions of the ESDP/CRDP to Date References 10: Social Policy: Evolution, Impact and Current Challenges 10.1 Social Thinking at the Start 10.1.1 The Necessity of Social Policy 10.1.2 The Origins of Social Policy 10.1.3 The Single European Act and the European Social Charter 10.1.4 The Treaty on European Union and the Social Protocol 10.1.5 The Treaty of Amsterdam and the European Employment Strategy 10.1.6 The Lisbon Strategy for a Europe with a Social Face 10.1.7 The Treaty of Nice and the European Social Agenda 10.1.8 The Treaty of Lisbon: The Charter of Fundamental Rights 10.1.9 After the Treaty of Lisbon: The ``Europe 2020 ́ ́ Strategy 10.1.10 The European Pillar of Social Rights 10.1.11 The EU ́s Social Contribution to Tackling COVID-19 10.2 Statistics for the Evaluation of Social Policy 10.2.1 The Demographic Problem and Social Security Costs in the EU 10.2.2 Unemployment, Education Level and Poverty Risk 10.2.3 Evidence from the Implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy 10.2.4 General Assessment of Social Policy in the EU References 11: Environmental Policy: Progress, Challenges and Future Directions 11.1 Environmental Protection as a Priority 11.1.1 The Need for an Environmental Policy 11.1.2 The First Steps to the Stockholm Conference 11.2 The Environment Action Programmes 11.2.1 The First Action Programme for the Environment 1973-1976 11.2.2 The Second Action Programme for the Environment 1977-1981 11.2.3 The Third Action Programme for the Environment 1982-1986 11.2.4 The Fourth Action Programme for the Environment 1987-1992 11.2.5 The Fifth Action Programme for the Environment 1993-2000 11.2.6 The Sixth Action Programme for the Environment 2002-2012 11.2.7 The Seventh Action Programme for the Environment 2013-2020 11.2.8 Towards an Eighth Action Programme for the Environment 2021-2030 11.3 Brief Assessment of the Environmental Policy 11.3.1 Evidence from the Implementation of the ``Europe 2020 ́ ́ Strategy 11.3.2 A Brief Assessment References 12: Migration Policy: Historical Progress, Current Status and Future Directions 12.1 The Launch and Evolution of Migration and Asylum Policy 12.1.1 The Schengen Agreement and Freedom of Movement Within the EU 12.1.2 The Dublin Convention on Asylum and Immigration 12.1.3 The Third Pillar of the TEU for Cooperation in JHA Areas 12.1.4 The TEU and the Establishment of EUROPOL 12.1.5 The Treaty of Amsterdam and the Changes in the JHA Sectors 12.1.6 Integration of the Schengen Agreement into the European Acquis 12.1.7 The AFSJ and the Tampere Programme (2000-2004) 12.1.8 The Dublin II Regulation 12.1.9 The AFSJ and the Hague Programme (2005-2009) 12.1.10 The European Pact on Migration and Asylum 12.1.11 The Treaty of Lisbon and the Changes to the JHA and the AFSJ 12.1.12 The AFSJ and the Stockholm Programme (2010-2014) 12.1.13 The Dublin III Regulation 12.1.14 The AFSJ and the Newest Guidelines (2015-2019) 12.2 Data on Migration Flows in Recent Years and Related Actions 12.2.1 Large Migratory Flows and How to Deal with Them in Practice 12.2.2 New Measures on the Occasion of the Directed Entry of Immigrants in 2020 References 13: Overview: The European Integration, Volume I & Volume II 13.1 The European Integration: History, Institutions and Policies 13.2 History: From Battles to Brotherhood 13.3 Institutions: The Pillars of Unity 13.4 Policies: Crafting a Shared Destiny 13.5 Challenges Faced by the EU Bibliography