The EU in the 21st Century (Challenges and Opportunities for the European Integration Process) ||

In the light of Brexit, the migration crisis, and growing scepticism regarding the European integration process, this book offers a comprehensive overview of the most pressing problems facing the European Union in the 21st century. Written by experts from various disciplines, the contributions cover a wide range of economic, legal, social and political challenges, including populism, migration, Brexit, and EU defence, foreign policy and enlargements. Each paper includes a historical account, insights into the problems and challenges confronting the EU, and an assessment of the institutions and policy instruments applied by the EU in response. Discussing each of the problems as part of a process – including the historical roots, current situation and potential solutions – the book allows readers to gain an understanding of the European Union as a living project. Contents 7 The Current Position of the Union in Terms of Integration and Development 9 EU in Twenty-First Century, Does Crisis Mean Opportunity? 10 1 Introduction 10 2 Content of the Publication 12 3 Conclusions 15 Literature 15 The European Union Crossroads: Current Situation and Future Challenges 17 1 Initial Note (as an Introduction) 17 2 The European Union Facing the Twenty-First Century 19 2.1 The European Union at Its Crossroads 21 2.2 The European Union and (Some of) Its Future Challenges 25 3 Final Note (as a Provisional Conclusion) 29 References 30 The Concerns of the European Citizens 33 Nationalist Populism: New Political Parties in Europe. Their Ideas, Governments and Support for a Less-Integrated Europe 34 1 Introduction 34 2 Nationalist Populism: Ideological Foundations and Critiques of the European Union 36 3 Islamophobia and Anti-multiculturalism 38 4 The Populist Influence on Centre-Right Parties 41 5 Conclusions 44 References 46 Migration to Europe: A Threat or an Opportunity? 63 1 Introduction 63 2 International Obligations to Protect Migrants 65 3 The European Union Framework in Refugee Protection 66 3.1 A General Framework for the EU 66 3.2 Shared Competencies in the European Union on Migration and Asylum? 66 3.3 The Existing Common Standards in Asylum and Migration in the European Legal Framework: An Immediate but Insufficient Response 67 4 The Early Unexpected Return to Crisis 69 5 Migration as the New “Top Priority” in the European Institutions 70 5.1 Changes in the European Leaders 70 5.2 Changes in the European Agenda 71 6 Towards an External Management of the Refugee Crisis 72 6.1 Broadening the Frontex Mandate: The European Border Coast Guard Agency 72 6.2 External and Diplomatic Partnership 73 7 Conflict on the Political Construction of the EU: A Reconsideration of the European Sovereignty 76 7.1 A Divided Public Opinion on the Refugee Crisis 76 7.2 The Questioning of the Exclusivity of Sovereignty Over Migration Issues: Towards Internal Divisions 77 8 Conflict on the European Values: The Humanitarian Value of the EU Shared Between Multiculturalism or Social Integration 79 9 Perceiving the EU as the Most Relevant Level: Regaining the EU’s Legitimacy and Authority 80 9.1 Misunderstanding and Over Expectations by the Citizens on the Role of the EU 80 9.2 Regain the Brussels’ Legitimacy and Authority on the Member States and Citizens 81 10 A Deeper Integration of the EU After the Crisis 82 10.1 The Incompleteness of the EU’s Framework, Basics of the Spillover Effect 82 10.2 The “Soft” Role of the EU to Solve the Crisis 83 10.3 Conclusion 84 Primarily References 84 Secondary References 86 Internal Security: Terrorism and Criminality Fostering Integration in the EU 89 1 Introduction 89 2 Evolution of the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 90 3 Changes After the Lisbon Treaty 91 3.1 Comparison of Programs 91 3.2 The Overall Evolution of Cooperation on Counter-Terrorism and Changes in Citizens Expectations 93 3.3 Combating Terrorism 2015–2019: What Was Done and What Needs to Be Improved in the Future 96 3.4 Cooperation on Police and Judicial Cooperation 100 4 What Could Be Improved and Done in the Future 101 References 102 Internal Development of the Union 105 European Union and Great Britain: After Brexit, Who Wins the Break-Up? 106 1 Introduction 106 2 Three Interpretations of Taking Back Control 107 2.1 The Battle Between Cooperation and Integration 108 2.2 The Island Nation 112 2.3 Winners and Losers 114 3 Lessons Learned 116 References 117 The Post-crisis European Union Before the Political Union: Coordinates and Keys of the Future Institutional Architecture 120 1 Introduction 120 2 The Post-crisis EU: Political and Constitutional Coordinates 123 3 Political-Constitutional Bases of the EU Institutional Architecture 125 4 Federalism 126 5 Distribution of Competences 128 6 Separation of Powers 130 7 Democracy 131 8 The Institutional Architecture of the EU Facing the Political Union 132 9 Conclusions 135 References 136 Trustworthy AI as a Future Driver for Competitiveness and Social Change in the EU 137 1 Introduction 137 1.1 Methodology: Purpose and Scope 139 2 What Is AI? 140 2.1 From Desktop Computers to AI-Powered Systems 140 2.2 Birth of the Discipline of AI 141 2.3 The Promising Sub-field of AI—Main Approaches to Machine Learning 142 3 Ethical and Legal Aspects of AI 143 3.1 Ethical Risks of AI 143 3.2 Scholarly Debate and Regulatory Fields of AI 145 4 Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence 147 4.1 Europe’s AI Strategy in the Context of a Global Competition on AI 147 4.2 Trustworthy AI—Reports by the EU High-Level Expert Group on AI 150 4.3 Regulating AI’s Raw Material—Data 151 5 The Way Forward—Concluding Remarks 151 Bibliography 152 Challenges and Possibilities of Enforcing the Rule of Law within the EU Constitutional Edifice—The Need for Increased Role of Court of Justice, EU Charter and Diagonality in Perception 157 1 Introduction 157 2 Diagonalisation of Rule of Law 159 3 Materialisation of Rule of Law 161 4 Operability and Enforcement of Rule of Law 162 4.1 Enforcing Rule of Law Requirements in Relation to Member States—Call for Judicialisation 163 4.2 Enforcing the Rule of Law Requirements Vis-Á-Vis Union—Note on Open Approach to Available Judicial Tools 167 5 Conclusion 169 References 169 Economic Development: A Pillar for the European Union Integration 172 1 Introduction 172 2 Economic Development—Theoretical Background 173 3 Economic Development as an Objective of the EU Integration—What Was Put in the Treaties? 177 4 Disparities in Economic Development as a Challenge for the EU in the Twenty-First Century 179 5 The Twenty-First Century and EU Attempts to Promote Economic Development 184 5.1 The Lisbon Strategy 184 5.2 The Europe 2020 Strategy 186 5.3 A New Strategic Agenda 2019–2024 199 6 Conclusion 204 References 205 External Necessities of the European Union 208 Foreign Affairs of the European Union: How to Become an Independent and Dominant Power in the International Arena 209 1 Introduction 209 2 The EU Global Role 210 3 The External Relations Working System in the EU 212 4 EU International Companions 215 5 Politics and External Relations: Towards a Single Voice 219 6 The Roots of a Common External Position: The Creation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy 223 7 Conclusions 228 References 229 The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy in Facing New Security Challenges and Its Impact on Cyber Defence 270 1 Introduction 270 2 Building Security Community in Europe 272 3 European Union Versus NATO—Alternative or Complementary Bodies in Building the European Defence Capabilities? 275 4 European Army 278 5 The European Commission and Recent Security and Defence Challenges 281 6 CSDP and New Logics in cyber defence 283 7 Functional Discrepancies and Rationales in the Field of cyber defence 285 8 Conclusion 289 References 290 The Leadership of the EU in Shaping the International Ocean Governance: Fighting Against IUU Fishing 294 1 Introduction 294 2 International Ocean Governance 295 3 IUU Fishing 297 4 International Milestones in the Fight Against IUU Fishing 301 5 The Eu Approach 307 6 Final Remarks 312 Bibliographic References 313 The EU in XXI Century, Does Crisis Mean Opportunity? -- The European Union Crossroad: Current Situation and Future Challenges -- Nationalist Populism: New Political Parties in Europe. Their Ideas, Governments and Support for a Less-Integrated Europe -- The Religious Factor on the European Political Agenda. Old Paradigms and Future Challenges -- Migration to Europe: A Threat or an Opportunity? -- Internal Security: Terrorism and Criminality Fostering Integration in the EU -- European Union and Great Britain: After BREXIT, Who Wins the Breakup? -- Economic Development: A Pillar for the European Union Integration -- The NATO Russia Council - an Assessment of the NRC Prior to the Ukraine Crisis -- Ukraine in European Human Rights Regime: Breaking Path Dependence from Russia.