The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville

This work is a complete English translation of the Latin Etymologies of Isidore, Bishop of Seville (c.560 - 636). Isidore compiled the work between c.615 and the early 630s and it takes the form of an encyclopedia, arranged by subject matter. It contains much lore of the late classical world beginning with the Seven Liberal Arts, including Rhetoric, and touches on thousands of topics ranging from the names of God, the terminology of the Law, the technologies of fabrics, ships and agriculture to the names of cities and rivers, the theatrical arts, and cooking utensils. Isidore provides etymologies for most of the terms he explains, finding in the causes of words the underlying key to their meaning. This book offers a highly readable translation of the twenty books of the Etymologies, one of the most widely known texts for a thousand years from Isidore's time. COVER 1 HALF-TITLE 3 TITLE 5 COPYRIGHT 6 DEDICATION 7 CONTENTS 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 NOTE TO THE READER 13 INTRODUCTION 15 Introduction 17 Historical background 18 Chronology 20 Life and works 21 The sources of the Etymologies 24 The character of the Etymologies 31 The influence of the Etymologies 38 Editions of the Etymologies and this translation 41 Bibliography 43 Modern editions and translations of the Etymologies 43 Modern editions and translations of other works by Isidore 43 Further reading 43 Additional sources 45 Two definitive bibliographies of works on Isidore 45 THE ETYMOLOGIES 47 Analytical table of contents 48 Book I Grammar (De grammatica) 53 i. Discipline and art (De disciplina et arte) 53 ii. Thesevenliberal disciplines (De septemliberalibus disciplinis) 53 iii. The common letters of the alphabet (De litteris communibus) 53 iv. The Latin letters (De litteris latinis) 54 v. Grammar (De grammatica) 56 vi. Theparts of speech (De partibus orationis) 56 vii. The noun (De nomine) 56 viii. The pronoun (De pronomine) 58 ix. The verb (De verbo) 59 x. The adverb (De adverbio) 60 xi. The participle (De participio) 60 xii. The conjunction (De conjunctione) 60 xiii. The preposition (De prepositione) 60 xiv. The interjection (De interjectione) 60 xv. Letters in grammar (De litteris apud grammaticos) 61 xvi. The syllable (De syllaba) 61 xvii. Metrical feet (De pedibus) 61 xviii. Accents (Deaccentibus) 63 xix. Accent marks (De figuris accentuum) 63 xx. Punctuated clauses (De posituris) 64 xxi. Critical signs (De notis sententiarum) 64 xxii. Common shorthand signs (De notis vulgaribus) 65 xxiii. Signs used in law (De notis iuridicis) 65 xxiv. Military signs (De notis militaribus) 66 xxv. Epistolarycodes (Denotis litterarum) 66 xxvi. Finger signals (De notis digitorum) 66 xxvii. Orthography (De orthographia) 66 xxviii. Analogy (De analogia) 68 xxix. Etymology (De etymologia) 68 xxx. Glosses (De glossis) 69 xxxi. Differentiation (De differentiis) 69 xxxii. Barbarism (De barbarismo) 69 xxxiii. Solecisms (Desoloecismis) 70 xxxiv. Faults (De vitiis) 70 xxxv. Metaplasm (De metaplasmis) 71 xxxvi. Schemas (Deschematibus) 72 xxxvii Tropes (De tropis) 74 xxxviii. Prose (De prosa) 78 xxxix. Meters (De metris) 78 xl. The fable (De fabula) 80 xli. History (Dehistoria) 81 xlii. The first authors of histories (De primis auc-toribus historiarum) 81 xliii. The utility of history (Deutilitate historiae) 81 xliv. The kinds of history (De generibus historiae) 81 Book II Rhetoric and dialectic (De rhetorica et dialectica) 83 i. Rhetoric and its name (De rhetorica eiusque nomine) 83 ii. The founders of the art of rhetoric (Deinventoribus rhetoricae artis) 83 iii. The term ‘orator’ and the parts of rhetoric (De nomine oratoris et partibus rhetoricae) 83 iv. The three kinds of arguments (De tribus generibus causarum) 83 v. The two states of legal arguments (De gemino statu causarum) 84 vi. The tripartite dispute (De tripertita controversia) 85 vii. The four parts of an oration (De quattuor partibus orationis) 85 viii. The five types of cases (De quinque modis causarum) 85 ix. Syllogisms (De syllogismis) 85 x. Law (De lege) 87 xi. The maxim (De sententia) 87 xii. Confirmation and refutation (De catasceva et anasceva) 87 xiii. Prosopopoeia (De prosopoeia) 88 xiv. Ethopoeia (De ethopoeia) 88 xv. Kinds of questions (De generibus quaestionum) 88 xvi. Style (De elocutione) 88 xvii. The three registers of speaking (De trimodo dicendi genere) 88 xviii. Clause, phrase, and sentence (De colo, commate, et periodis) 88 xix. Faults to be avoided in letters, words, and expressions (De vitiis litterarum et verborum et sententiarum cavendis) 89 xx. Combinations of words (De iuncturis verborum) 89 xxi. Figures of words and of expressions (De figuris verborum et sententiarum) 89 xxii. Dialectic (De dialectica) 93 xxiii. The difference between the arts of rhetoric and dialectic (De differentia dialecticae et rhetoricae artis) 93 xxiv. The definition of philosophy (De definitione philosophiae) 93 xxv. Porphyry's Isagoge (De Isagogis Porphyrii) 94 xxvi. Aristotle's categories (De categoriis Aristotelis) 95 xxvii. The De interpretatione (De perihermeniis) 96 xxviii. Logical syllogisms (De syllogismis dialecticis) 97 xxix. The division of definitions abbreviated from the book by Marius Victorinus (Dedivisione definitionum ex Marii Victorini libro abbreviata) 98 xxx. Topics (De topicis) 100 xxxi. Opposites (De oppositis) 101 Book III Mathematics (De mathematica) 103 Mathematics (Mathematica) 103 i. Words belonging to the study of arithmetic (De vocabulo arithmeticae disciplinae) 103 ii. Originators of mathematics (De auctoribus eius) 103 iii. What a number is (Quid sit numerus) 103 iv. What numbers do for us (Quid praestent numeri) 104 v. The first division, of even and odd numbers (De prima divisione parium et inparium) 104 vi. The second division of all numbers (De secunda divisione totius numeri) 105 vii. The third division of all numbers (De tertia divisione totius numeri) 106 viii. The differences between arithmetic, geometry, and music (De differentia arithmeticae, geometriae et musicae) 106 ix. How many infinite numbers exist (Quot numeri infiniti existunt) 107 x. The inventors of geometry, and its name (De inventoribus geometriae et vocabulo eius) 107 xi. The fourfold division of geometry (De quadripertita divisione geometriae) 107 xii. Geometrical figures (De figuris geometriae) 107 xiii. Geometric numbers (De numeris geometricae) 108 Music (De musica) 109 xiv. Music and its name (De musica et eius nomine) 109 xv. The inventors of music (De inventoribus eius) 109 xvi. The power of music (Quid possit musica) 109 xvii. The three parts of music (De tribus partibus musicae) 110 xviii. The threefold division of music (De triformi musicae divisione) 110 xix. The first division of music, which is called harmonic (De prima divisione musicae quae harmonica dicitur) 110 xx. The second division, which is called organicus (De secunda divisione, quae organica dicitur) 111 xxi. The third division of music, which is called rhythmic (De tertia divisione, quae rythmica nuncupatur) 111 xxii. Musical numbers (De numeris musicis) 112 Astronomy (De astronomia) 113 xxiv. The name of astronomy (De astronomiae nomine) 113 xxv. The inventors of astronomy (De inventoribus eius) 113 xxvi. Those who established astronomy (De institutoribus eius) 113 xxvii. The difference between astronomy and astrology (De differentia astronomiae et astrology (De differentia astronomiae et astrologiae) 113 xxviii. Astronomical reckoning (De astronomiae ratione) 113 xxix. The world and its name (De mundo et eius nomine) 113 xxx. The shape of the world (De forma mundi) 113 xxxi. The sky and its name (De caelo et eius nomine) 114 xxxii. The position of the celestial sphere (De sphaerae caelestis situ) 114 xxxiii. The movement of this same sphere (De eiusdem sphaerae motu) 114 xxxiv. The course of the same sphere (De eiusdem sphaerae cursu) 114 xxxv. The speed of the sky (De celeritate caeli) 114 xxxvi. The axis of heaven (De axe caeli) 114 xxxvii. The celestial polar regions (De caelestibus polis) 114 xxxviii. The poles of the heavens (De cardinibus caeli) 114 xxxix. The vaults of heaven (De convexis caeli) 114 xl. The doorways of heaven (De ianuis caeli) 114 xli. The twin faces of the sky (De gemina facie caeli) 115 xlii. The four parts of heaven (De quattor partibus caeli) 115 xliii. The hemispheres (De hemisphaeriis) 115 xliv. The five circles of heaven (De quinque circulis caeli) 115 xlv. The circle of the zodiac (De zodiaco circulo) 115 xlvi. The bright circle (De candido circulo) 115 xlvii. The size of the sun (De magnitudine solis) 115 xlviii. The size of the moon (De magnitudine lunae) 116 xlix. The nature of the sun (De natura solis) 116 l. The course of the sun (De cursu solis) 116 li. The effect of the sun (De effectu solis) 116 lii. The path of the sun (De itinere solis) 116 liii. The light of the moon (De lumine lunae) 116 liv. The shapes of the moon (De formas lunae) 116 lv. Interlunar intervals (De interluniis) 117 lvi. The path of the moon (De cursu lunae) 117 lvii. The proximity of the moon to the earth (De vicinitate lunae ad terras) 117 lviii. Eclipse of the sun (De eclipsi solis) 117 lix. Eclipse of the moon (De eclipsi lunae) 117 lx. The differences between stars, star clusters, and constellations (De differentia stellarum, siderum, et astrorum) 117 lxi. The light of stars (De lumine stellarum) 117 lxii. The location of the stars (De stellarum situ) 117 lxiii. The course of the stars (De stellarum cursu) 117 lxiv. The changing course of the stars (De vario cursu stellarum) 117 lxv. The distances between the stars (De stellarum intervallis) 117 lxvi. The orbital number of the stars (De circulari numero stellarum) 118 lxvii. Planets (De stellis planetis) 118 lxviii. Precession and antegrade motion of stars (De praecedentia et antegradatione stellarum) 118 lxix. Recession or retrograde motion of stars (De remotione vel retrogradatione stellarum) 118 lxx. The standing of stars (De statu stellarum) 118 lxxi. The names of the stars and the reasons for these names (De nominibus stellarum, quibus ex causis nomina acceperunt) 118 Book IV Medicine (De medicina) 123 i Medicine (De medicina) 123 ii The term 'medicine' (De nomine eius) 123 iii The inventors of medicine (De inventoribus medicinae) 123 iv The three schools of medicine (De tribus haeresibus medicorum) 123 v The four humors of the body (De quattuor humoribus corporis) 123 vi Acute illnesses (De acutis morbis) 124 vii Chronic illnesses (De chronicis morbis) 125 viii Illnesses that appear on the surface of the body (De morbis qui in superficie corpo 126 ix Remedies and medications (De remediis et medicaminibus) 127 x Medical books (De libris medicinalibus) 128 xi The instruments of physicians (De instrumentis medicorum) 128 xii Scents and ointments (De odoribus et unguentis) 129 xiii The foundations of medicine (De initiis medicinae) 129 Book V Laws and times (De legibus et temporibus) 131 i. The originators of laws (De auctoribus legum) 131 ii. Divine laws and human laws (De legibus divinis et humanis) 131 iii. How jurisprudence, laws, and customs differ from each other (Quid differunt inter se ius, leges, et mores) 131 iv. What natural law is (Quid sit ius naturale) 131 v. What civil law is (Quis sit ius civile) 132 vi. What the law of nations is (Quid sit ius gentium) 132 vii. What military law is (Quid sit ius militare) 132 viii. What public law is (Quid sit ius publicum) 132 ix. What quirital law is (Quis sit ius quiritum) 132 x. What a law is (Quid sit lex) 132 xi. What popular resolutions (i.e. plebiscites) are (Quid scita plebium) 132 xii. What a senate decree is (Quid senatusconsultum) 132 xiii. What an order and an edict are (Quid constitutio et edictum) 132 xiv. What a response of jurists is (Quid responsa prudentium) 132 xv. Consular and tribunitial laws (De legibus consularibus et tribunitiis) 132 xvi. Replete law (De lex satura) 132 xvii. Rhodian laws (De legibus rhodiis) 133 xviii. Private statutes (De privilegiis) 133 xix. What a law is capable of (Quid possit lex) 133 xx. Why a law is enacted (Quare facta est lex) 133 xxi. What sort of law should be made (Qualis debet fieri lex) 133 xxii. Cases (De causis) 133 xxiii. Witnesses (De testibus) 133 xxiv. Legal instruments (De instrumentiis legalibus) 133 xxv. Property (De rebus) 135 xxvi. Crimes written in the law (De criminibus in lege conscriptis) 136 xxvii. Punishments drawn up in the laws (De poenis in legibus constitutis) 137 xxviii. The word for 'chronicles' (De chronicae vocabulo) 139 xxix. Moments and hours (De momentis et horis) 139 xxx. Days (De diebus) 139 xxxi. Night (De nocte) 141 xxxii. The week (De hebdomada) 141 xxxiii. Months (De mensibus) 141 xxxiv. Solstices and equinoxes (De solstitiis et aequinoctiis) 142 xxxv. The seasons of the year (De temporibus anni) 142 xxxvi. Years (De annis) 143 xxxvii. Olympiads, lustrums, and jubilees (De olympiadibus et lustris et iubileis) 143 xxxviii. Periods and ages (De saeculis et aetatibus) 144 xxxix. A description of historical periods (De descriptione temporum) 144 Book VI Books and ecclesiastical offices (De libris et officiis ecclesiasticis) 149 i. The Old and New Testament (De Veteri et Novo Testamento) 149 ii. The writers and names of the Sacred Books (De scriptoribus et vocabulis sanctorum librorum) 150 iii. Libraries (De bibliothecis) 152 iv. Translators (De interpretibus) 153 v. The one who first brought books to Rome (De eo qui primum Romam libros advexit) 153 vi. Those who established libraries among us Christians (Qui apud nos bibliothecas instituerunt) 153 vii. Those who have written many things (Qui multa scripserunt) 153 viii. The types of literary works (De generibus opusculorum) 153 ix. Wax tablets (De ceris) 154 x. Papyrus sheets (De cartis) 155 xi. Parchment (De pergamenis) 155 xii. Bookmaking (De libris conficiendis) 155 xiii. The terminology of books (De librorum vocabulis) 156 xiv. Copyists and their tools (De librariis et eorum instrumentis) 156 xv. Canon-tables of the Gospels (De canonibus Evangeliorum) 156 xvi. The canons of Councils (De canonibus Conciliorum) 157 xvii. The Easter cycle (De cyclo Paschali) 157 xviii. The other liturgical feasts (De reliquis festivitatibus) 159 xix. Offices (De officiis) 160 Book VII God, angels, and saints (De deo, angelis et sanctis) 167 i. God (De deo) 167 ii. The Son of God (De Filio Dei) 169 iii. The Holy Spirit (De Spiritu Sancto) 171 iv. The Trinity (De Trinitate) 173 v. Angels (De angelis) 174 vi. People who received their name from a certain presaging (De hominibus qui quodam praesagio nomen acceperunt) 176 vii. The patriarchs (De patriarchis) 179 xviii. The prophets (De prophetis) 180 ix. The apostles (De apostolis) 182 x. Other names in the Gospel (De reliquis in Evangelio nominibus) 184 xi. Martyrs (De martyribus) 184 xii. Clerics (De clericis) 184 xiii. Monks (De monachis) 186 xiv. Other faithful people (De ceteris fidelibus) 186 Book VIII The Church and sects (De ecclesia et sectis) 187 i. The Church and the Synagogue (De ecclesia et synagoga) 187 ii. Religion and faith (De religione et fide) 187 iii. Heresy and schism (De haeresi et schismate) 188 iv. Heresies of the Jews (De haeresibus Iudaeorum) 188 v. Christian heresies (De haeresibus Christianorum) 189 vi. Pagan philosophers (De philosophis gentium) 192 vii. Poets (De poetis) 194 viii. Sibyls (De Sibyllis) 195 ix. Magicians (De magis) 195 x. Pagans (De paganis) 197 xi. Gods of the heathens (De diis gentium) 197 Book IX Languages, nations, reigns, the military, citizens, family relationships (De linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus, affinitatibus) 205 i. The languages of nations (De linguis gentium) 205 ii. The names of nations (De gentium vocabulis) 206 iii. Reigns and terms for military matters (De regnis militiaeque vocabulis) 213 iv. Citizens (De civibus) 217 v. Family relationships and their degrees (De adfinitatibus et gradibus) 220 vi. Paternal and maternal relatives (De agnatis et cognatis) 222 vii. Marriages (De coniugiis) 224 Book X Vocabulary (De vocabulis) 227 Book XI The human being and portents (De homine et portentis) 245 i. Human beings and their parts (De homine et partibus eius) 245 ii. On the ages of human beings (De aetatibus hominum) 255 iii. Portents (De portentis) 257 iv. Metamorphoses (De transformatis) 260 Book XII Animals (De animalibus) 261 i. Livestock and beasts of burden (De pecoribus et iumentis) 261 ii. Beasts ( De bestiis ) 265 iii. Small animals (De minutis animantibus) 268 iv. Snakes (De serpentibus) 269 v. Vermin (De verminibus) 272 vi. Fish (De piscibus) 273 vii. Birds (De avibus) 277 viii. Tiny flying animals (De minutis volatibus) 283 Book XIII The cosmos and its parts (De mundo et partibus) 285 i. The world (De mundo) 285 ii. Atoms (De atomis) 285 iii. Elements (De elementis) 286 iv. The sky (De caelo) 286 v. Parts of the sky (De partibus caeli) 286 vi. The circles of heaven (De circulis caeli) 287 vii. Air and clouds (De aere et nube) 287 viii. Thunder (De tonitruo) 287 ix. Lightning (De fulminibus) 287 x. The rainbow and phenomena of the clouds (De arcu et nubium effectibus) 288 xi. Winds (De ventis) 289 xii. Waters (De aquis) 290 xiii. Different kinds of water (De diversitate aquarum) 290 xiv. The sea (De mari) 291 xv. The Ocean (De oceano) 291 xvi. The Mediterranean Sea (De mediterraneo mari) 291 xvii. Gulfs of the sea (De sinibus maris) 292 xviii. Tides and straits (De aestibus et fretis) 292 xix. Lakes and pools (De lacis et stagnis) 293 xx. The abyss (De abysso) 294 xxi. Rivers (De fluminibus) 294 xxii. Floods (De diluviis) 296 Book XIV The earth and its parts (De terra et partibus) 299 i. The earth (De terra) 299 ii. The globe (De orbe) 299 iii. Asia (De Asia) 299 iv. Europe (De Europa) 303 v. Libya (De Libya) 306 vi. Islands (De insulis) 307 vii. Promontories (De promuntoriis) 311 viii. Mountains and other terms for landforms (De montibus ceterisque terrae vocabulis) 311 ix. The lower regions (De inferioribus) 314 Book XV Buildings and fields (De aedificiis et agris) 315 i. Cities (De civitatibus) 315 ii. Public buildings (De aedificiis publicis) 319 iii. Dwelling-places (De habitaculis) 322 iv. Sacred buildings (De aedificiis sacris) 323 v. Repositories (De repositoriis) 324 vi. Workplaces (De operariis) 324 vii. Entranceways (De aditibus) 325 viii. The parts of buildings (De partibus aedificiorum) 325 ix. Fortifications (De munitionibus) 326 x. Tents (De tentoriis) 327 xi. Sepulchers (De sepulchris) 327 xii. Rural buildings (De aedificiis rusticis) 327 xiii. Fields (De agris) 328 xiv. The boundaries of fields (De finibus agrorum) 329 xv. The measures of fields (De mensuris agrorum) 329 xvi. Roads (De itineribus) 329 Book XVI Stones and metals (De lapidibus et metallis) 331 i. Dust and dirt clods (De pulveribus et glebis terrae) 331 ii. Earthy materials derived from water (De glebis ex aqua) 331 iii. Common stones (De lapidus vulgaribus) 332 iv. More important stones (De lapidus insignioribus) 333 v. Marble (De marmoribus) 335 vi. Gems (De gemmis) 336 vii. Green gems (De viridioribus gemmis) 336 viii. Red gems (De rubris gemmis) 337 ix. Purple gems (De purpureis) 338 x. White gems (De candidis) 338 xi. Black gems (De nigris) 339 xii. Varicolored gems (De variis) 339 xiii. Crystalline gems (De crystallinis) 339 xiv. Fiery gems (De ignitis) 340 xv. Golden gems (De aureis) 341 xvi. Glass (De vitro) 342 xvii. Metals (De metallis) 342 xviii. Gold (De auro) 343 xix. Silver (De argento) 344 xx. Bronze (De aere) 344 xxi. Iron (De ferro) 345 xxii. Lead (De plumbo) 346 xxiii. Tin (De stagno) 346 xxiv. Electrum (De electro) 346 xxv. Weights (De ponderibus) 346 xxvi. Measures (De mensuris) 348 xxvii. Symbols (De signis) 349 Book XVII Rural matters (De rebus rusticis) 351 i. Authors on rural matters (De auctoribus rerum rusticarum) 351 ii. he cultivation of fields (De cultura agrorum) 351 iii. Fruits of the earth (De frumentis) 352 iv. Legumes (De leguminibus) 353 v. Vines (De vitibus) 353 vi. Trees (De arboribus) 355 vii. Specific names of trees (De propriis nominibus arborum) 356 viii. Aromatic trees (De aromaticis arboribus) 362 ix. Aromatic or common plants (De herbis aromaticis sive communibus) 363 x. Garden vegetables (De oleribus) 369 xi. Aromatic garden plants (De odoratis oleribus) 370 Book XVIII War and games (De bello et ludis) 373 i. War (De bellis) 373 ii. Triumphs (De triumphis) 374 iii. Military standards (De signis) 375 iv. War-trumpets (De bucinis) 375 v. Arms (De armis) 376 vi. Swords (De gladiis) 376 vii. Spears (De hastis) 376 viii. Arrows (De sagittis) 377 ix. Quivers (De faretris) 377 x. Slings (De fundis) 378 xi. The battering ram (De ariete) 378 xii. Shields (De clypeis) 378 xiii. Cuirasses (De loricis) 378 xiv. Helmets (De galeis) 378 xv. The Forum (De foro) 379 xvi. Spectacles (De spectaculis) 379 xvii. Gymnastic games (De ludo gymnico) 380 xviii. Types of gymnastics (De generibus gymnicorum) 380 xix. The jump (De saltu) 380 xx. The race (De cursu) 380 xxi. The throw (De iactu) 380 xxii. Feats of strength (De virtute) 380 xxiii. Wrestling (De luctatione) 380 xxiv. The palestra (De palaestra) 380 xxv. Competitions (De agone) 380 xxvi. Types of competitions (De generibus agonum) 380 xxvii. Circus games (De ludis circensibus) 381 xxviii. The circus (De circo) 381 xxix. The apparatus (De ornamentis) 381 xxx. he turning-posts (De metis) 381 xxxi. The obelisk (De obelisco) 381 xxxii. The starting-gates (De carceribus) 381 xxxiii. Charioteers (De aurigis) 381 xxxiv. The team of four (De quadrigis) 382 xxxv. The chariot (De curru) 382 xxxvi. The horses with which we race (De equis qui-bus currimus) 382 xxxvii. The seven laps (De septem spatiis) 382 xxxviii. The riders (De equitibus) 382 xxxix. Horse-vaulters (De desultoribus) 382 xl. Foot racers (De peditibus) 382 xli. The colors worn by horses (De coloribus equorum) 383 xlii. The theater (De theatro) 383 xliii. The stage building (De scena) 383 xliv. The orchestra (De orchestra) 383 xlv. Tragedians (De tragoedis) 383 xlvi. Writers of comedy (De comoedis) 383 xlvii. Stage musicians (De thymelicis) 383 xlviii. Actors (De histrionibus) 383 xlix. Mimes (De mimis) 384 l. Dancers (De saltatoribus) 384 li. What should be performed under which patron (Quid quo patrono agatur) 384 lii. The amphitheater (De amphitheatro) 384 liii. The equestrian game (De ludo equestri) 384 liv. Net-fighters (De retiariis) 384 lv. Pursuers (De secutoribus) 384 lvi. Ensnarers (De laqueariis) 384 lvii. Skirmishers (De velitibus) 384 lviii. Combat to the death (De ferali certamine) 384 lix.The performance of these games (De horum exercitatione ludorum) 384 lx. The gaming-board (De tabula) 385 lxi. Dice-tumblers (De pyrgis) 385 lxii. Gaming counters (De calculis) 385 lxiii. Dice (De tesseris) 385 lxiv. The figurative senses of dicing (De figuris aleae) 385 lxv. Dicing terms (De vocabulis tesserarum) 385 lxvi. The casting of dice (De iactu tesserarum) 385 lxvii. The moving of counters (De calculorum motu) 385 lxviii. The banning of dicing (De interdictione aleae) 385 lxix. Ball games (De pila) 385 Book XIX Ships, buildings, and clothing (De navibus aedificiis et vestibus) 387 i. Ships (De navibus) 387 ii. Parts of the ship and its equipment (De partibus navium et armamentis) 388 iii. Sails (De velis) 389 iv. Ropes (De funibus) 389 v. Nets (De retibus) 390 vi. The metalworkers' forge (De fabrorum fornace) 390 vii. Metalworkers' tools (De instrumentis fabrorum) 391 viii. The craft of building (De fabricis parietum) 391 ix. Siting (De dispositione) 391 x. Construction (De constructione) 391 xi. Decoration (De venustate) 393 xii. Paneled ceilings (De laqueariis) 393 xiii. Wall panels (De crustis) 393 xiv. Mosaics (De lithostrotis) 393 xv. Molding (De plastis) 393 xvi. Pictures (De picturis) 394 xvii. Colorings (De coloribus) 394 xviii. Tools for building (De instrumentis aedificiorum) 395 xix. Woodworkers (De lignariis) 396 xx. The invention of clothmaking (De inventione lanificii) 397 xxi. Priestly vestments according to the Law (De veste sacerdotali in lege) 397 xxii. The different kinds of clothing and their names (De diversitate et nominibus vestimentorum) 397 xxiii. The typical costumes of certain peoples (De proprio quarundam gentium habitu) 399 xxiv. Men’s outer garments (De palliis virorum) 400 xxv. Women’s outer garments (De palliis feminarum) 401 xxvi. Bedspreads and other cloths that we use (De stratu et reliquis vestibus quae in usu habentur) 402 xxvii. Wool (De lanis) 402 xxix. Tools for clothmaking (De instrumentis vestium) 403 xxx. Ornaments (De ornamentis) 404 xxxi. Women’s head ornaments (De ornamentis capi-tis feminarum) 404 xxxii. Rings (De anulis) 405 xxxiii. Belts (De cingulis) 406 xxxiv. Footwear (De calciamentis) 407 Book XX (Provisions and various implements) 409 i. Tables (De mensis) 409 ii. Foodstuffs (De escis) 409 iii. Drink (De potu) 411 iv. Dishes for food (De vasis escariis) 413 v. Drinking vessels (De vasis potatoriis) 414 vi. Wine and water vessels (De vasis vinariis et aquariis) 414 vii. Vessels for oil (De vasis oleariis) 415 viii. Cooking vessels (De vasis coquinariis) 415 ix. Storage containers (De vasis repositoriis) 415 x. Lamp vessels (De vasis luminariorum) 416 xi. Beds and chairs (De lecticis et sellis) 416 xii. Vehicles (De vehiculis) 417 xiii. Other implements that we use (De reliquis quae in usu habentur) 418 xiv. Rural implements (De instrumentis rusticis) 418 xv. Garden implements (De instrumentis hortorum) 419 xvi. Equestrian equipment (De instrumentis equorum) 419 APPENDIX 421 Correspondence of Isidore and Braulio 423 INDEX 429 General index 431 Index of Greek words 479 Index of citations 483 This Work Is The First Complete English Translation Of The Latin Etymologies Of Isidore, Bishop Of Seville (c. 560-636). Isidore Compiled The Work Between C. 615 And The Early 630s And It Takes The Form Of An Encyclopedia, Arranged By Subject Matter. It Contains Much Lore Of The Late Classical World Beginning With The Seven Liberal Arts, Including Rhetoric, And Touches On Hundreds Of Topics Ranging From The Names Of God, The Terminology Of The Law, The Technologies Of Fabrics, Ships, And Agriculture, To The Names Of Cities And Rivers, The Theatrical Arts, And Cooking Utensils. Isidore Provides Etymologies For Most Of The Terms He Explains, Finding In The Causes Of Words The Underlying Key To Their Meaning. This Book Offers A Highly Readable Translation Of The Twenty Books Of The Etymologies, One Of The Most Widely Known Texts For A Thousand Years From Isidore's Time.--jacket. Grammar And Its Parts -- Rhetoric And Dialectic -- Mathematics, Whose Parts Are Arithmetic, Music, Geometry, And Astronomy -- Medicine -- Laws And The Instruments Of The Judiciary, And Chronology -- The Order Of Scripture, Cycles And Canons, Liturgical Feasts And Offices -- Gods And Angels, Prophetic Nomenclature, Names Of The Holy Fathers, Martyrs, Clerics, Monks, And Other Names -- Church And Synagogue, Religion And Faith, Heresies, Philosophers, Poets, Sibyls, Magicians, Pagans, Gods Of The Gentiles -- Languages Of The Nations, Royal, Military, And Civic Terminology, Family Relationships -- Certain Terms In Alphabetical Order -- Human Beings And Their Parts, The Ages Of Humans, Portents And Metamorphoses -- Four-footed Animals, Creeping Animals, Fish, And Flying Animals -- Elements, That Is, The Heavens And The Air, Waters, The Sea, Rivers And Floods -- Earth, Paradise, The Regions Of The Whole Globe, Islands, Mountains, Other Terms For Places, And The Lower Regions Of The Earth -- Cities, Urban And Rural Buildings, Fields, Boundaries And Measures Of Fields, Roads -- Earthly Materials From Land And Water, Every Kind Of Gem And Precious Stones, Ivory Likewise, Treated Along With Marble, Glass, All The Metals, Weights And Measures -- Agriculture, Crops Of Every Kind, Vines And Trees Of Every Kind, Herbs And All Vegetables -- Wars And Triumphs And The Instruments Of War, The Forum, Spectacles, Games Of Chance And Ball Games -- Ships, Ropes, And Nets, Iron Workers, The Construction Of Walls And All The Implements Of Building, Also Wool-working, Ornaments, And All Kinds Of Clothing -- Tables, Foodstuffs, Drink, And Their Vessels, Vessels For Wine, Water, And Oil, Vessels Of Cooks, Bakers, And Lamps, Beds, Chairs, Vehicles, Rural And Garden Implements, Equestrian Equipment. [translated By] Stephen A. Barney ... [et Al.] ; With The Collaboration Of Muriel Hall. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [29]-31) And Indexes. Machine generated contents note: Introduction; Correspondence of Isidore and Braulio; The Etymologies: I: Grammar and its parts; II. Rhetoric and dialectic; III. Mathematics, whose parts are arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; IV. Medicine; V. Laws and the instruments of the judiciary, and chronology; VI. The order of scripture, cycles and canons, liturgical feasts and offices; VII. Gods and angels, prophetic nomenclature, names of the holy fathers, martyrs, clerics, monks, and other names; VIII. Church and synagogue, religion and faith, heresies, philosophers, poets, sibyls, magicians, pagans, gods of the gentiles; IX. Languages of the nations, royal, military, and civic terminology, family relationships; X. Certain terms in alphabetical order; XI. Human beings and their parts, the ages of humans, portents and metamorphoses; XII. Four-footed animals, creeping animals, fish, and flying animals; XIII. Elements, that is, the heavens and the air, waters, the sea, rivers and floods; XIV. Earth, paradise, the regions of the whole globe, islands, mountains, other terms for places, and the lower regions of the earth; XV. Cities, urban and rural buildings, fields, boundaries and measures of fields, roads; XVI. Earthly materials from land and water, every kind of gem and precious stones, ivory likewise, treated along with marble, glass, all the metals, weights and measures; XVII. Agriculture, crops of every kind, vines and trees of every kind, herbs and all vegetables; XVIII. Wars and triumphs and the instruments of war, the forum, spectacles, games of chance and ball games; XIX. Ships, ropes, and nets, iron workers, the construction of walls and all the implements of building, also wool-working, ornaments, and all kinds of clothing; XX. Tables, foodstuffs, drink, and their vessels, vessels for wine, water, and oil, vessels of cooks, bakers, and lamps, beds, chairs, vehicles, rural and garden implements, equestrian equipment. "This work is the first complete English translation of the Latin Etymologies of Isidore, Bishop of Seville (c.560-636). Isidore compiled the work between c.615 and the early 630s and it takes the form of an encyclopedia, arranged by subject matter. It contains much lore of the late classical world beginning with the Seven Liberal Arts, including Rhetoric, and touches on thousands of topics ranging from the names of God, the terminology of the Law, the technologies of fabrics, ships and agriculture to the names of cities and rivers, the theatrical arts, and cooking utensils. Isidore provides etymologies for most of the terms he explains, finding in the causes of words the underlying key to their meaning. This book offers a highly readable translation of the twenty books of the Etymologies, one of the most widely known texts for a thousand years from Isidore's time"--Provided by publisher. "This work is a complete English translation of the Latin Etymologies of Isidore, bishop of Seville (c. 560-636). Isidore compiled the work between c. 615 and the early 630s and it takes the form of an encyclopedia, arranged by subject matter. It contains much lore of the late classical world beginning with the Seven Liberal Arts, including Rhetoric, and touches on thousands of topics ranging from the names of God, the terminology of the law, the technologies of fabrics, ships, and agriculture, to the names of cities and rivers, the theatrical arts, and cooking utensils. Isidore provides etymologies for most of the terms he explains, finding in the causes of words the underlying key to their meaning. This book offers a highly readable translation of the twenty books of the Etymologies, one of the most widely known texts for a thousand years from Isidore's time"--Provided by publisher