دولت کارآفرین: رد افسانه‌های بخش عمومی و خصوصی (اقتصاد دیگر آنتهم)

This Book, Which Builds On The Author's Work For A High-impact Demos Report, Debunks The Myth Of The State As A Large Bureaucratic Organization That Can At Best Facilitate The Creative Innovation Which Happens In The Dynamic Private Sector. Analysing Various Case Studies Of Innovation-led Growth, In Particular Examples From Silicon Valley - From The Internet To The Technologies Behind The Iphone - It Describes The Opposite Situation, Whereby The Private Sector Only Finds The Courage To Invest After The Entrepreneurial State Has Made The High-risk Investments. It Argues That In The History Of Modern Capitalism - And Today In What Might Soon Become The 'green' Revolution - The State Has Not Only Fixed Market Failures But Also Shaped And Created Markets, Actively Investing In New Technologies And Sectors That Private Investors Only Later Find The Courage To Move Into. Introduction: Do Something Different -- From Crisis Ideology To The Division Of Innovative Labour -- Technology, Innovation And Growth -- Risk-taking State : From De-risking To Bring It On! -- The Us Entrepreneurial State -- The State Behind The Iphone -- Pushing Vs. Nudging The Green Industrial Revolution -- Wind And Solar Power : Government Success Stories And Technology In Crisis -- Risks And Rewards : From Rotten Apples To Symbiotic Ecosystems -- Socialization Of Risk And Privitization Of Rewards : Can The Entrepreneurial State Eat Its Cake Too? -- Conclusion. Mariana Mazzucato. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Contents......Page 8 List of Tables and Figures......Page 12 List of Acronyms......Page 14 Acknowledgements......Page 17 Foreword by Carlota Perez......Page 19 Epigraph......Page 24 A Discursive Battle......Page 25 Beyond Fixing Failures......Page 27 From ‘Crowding In’ to ‘Dynamizing In’......Page 29 Images Matter......Page 30 Structure of the Book......Page 32 Chapter 1: From Crisis Ideology to the Division of Innovative Labour......Page 38 And in the Eurozone......Page 40 State Picking Winners vs. Losers Picking the State......Page 41 Beyond Market Failures and System Failures......Page 44 The Bumpy Risk Landscape......Page 45 Symbiotic vs. Parasitic Innovation ‘Ecosystems’......Page 46 Financialization......Page 48 Chapter 2: Technology, Innovation and Growth......Page 51 Technology and Growth......Page 54 From Market Failures to System Failures......Page 55 Myths about Drivers of Innovation and Ineffective Innovation Policy......Page 61 Myth 1: Innovation is about R&D......Page 63 Myth 2: Small is Beautiful......Page 64 Myth 3: Venture Capital is Risk Loving......Page 66 Myth 4: We Live in a Knowledge Economy – Just Look at all the Patents!......Page 69 Myth 5: Europe’s Problem is all about Commercialization......Page 71 Myth 6: Business Investment Requires ‘Less Tax and Red Tape’......Page 72 Chapter 3: Risk-Taking State: From ‘De-risking’ to ‘Bring It On!’......Page 76 What Type of Risk?......Page 77 State Leading in Radical (Risky) Innovation......Page 80 Pharmaceuticals: Radical vs. ‘Me Too’ Drugs......Page 83 Biotechnology: Public Leader, Private Laggard......Page 85 The National Institutes of Health: Creating the Wave vs. Surfing It......Page 86 Chapter 4: The Us Entrepreneurial State......Page 90 The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)......Page 91 The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Programme......Page 96 Orphan Drugs......Page 97 The National Nanotechnology Initiative......Page 100 Chapter 5: The State behind the iPhone......Page 103 The ‘State’ of Apple Innovation......Page 104 Surfing through the Waves of Technological Advancements......Page 108 From Apple I to the iPad: The State’s very visible hand......Page 109 Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), SPINTRONICS programme and hard disk drives......Page 111 Solid-state chemistry and silicon-based semiconductor devices......Page 112 From capacitive sensing to click-wheels......Page 114 From click-wheels to multi-touch screens......Page 116 Internet and HTTP/HTML......Page 117 GPS and SIRI......Page 119 Battery, display and other technologies......Page 120 Did the US Government ‘Pick’ the iPod?......Page 123 Fostering an Indigenous Sector......Page 124 Chapter 6: Pushing vs. Nudging the Green Industrial Revolution......Page 128 Funding a Green Industrial Revolution......Page 131 National Approaches to Green Economic Development......Page 134 China’s ‘green’ 5-year plan......Page 136 UK’s start–stop approach to green initiatives......Page 138 Pros and cons of the US model......Page 140 Pushing – Not Stalling – Green Development......Page 148 The Importance of Patient Capital: Public Finance and State Development Banks......Page 150 Chapter 7: Wind and Solar Power: Government Success Stories and Technology in Crisis......Page 156 Wind and Solar Power: Growth Powered by Crisis......Page 157 From the First ‘Wind Rush’ to the Rise of China’s Wind Power Sector......Page 159 Solar Power Companies and the Origin of Their Technologies......Page 164 Solar Bankruptcies: Where There’s a Will There’s a Way......Page 167 Competition, Innovation and Market Size (Who’s Complaining?)......Page 169 Conclusion: Clean Technology in Crisis......Page 171 Myth 1: It’s all about R&D......Page 172 Myth 2: Small is beautiful......Page 173 Myth 3: Venture capital is risk loving......Page 174 Building a green innovation ecosystem (symbiotic not parasitic)......Page 175 Chapter 8: Risks and Rewards: From Rotten Apples to Symbiotic Ecosystems......Page 178 Back to Apple: What Did the US Government Get Back for Its Investments?......Page 180 Apple’s job-creation myth: Not all jobs are created equally......Page 181 Apple’s love–hate relationship with US tax policies......Page 184 The paradox of miracles in the digital economy: Why does corporate success result in regional economic misery?......Page 187 Where Are Today’s Bell Labs?......Page 189 The Skewed Reality of Risk and Reward......Page 193 A New Framework......Page 197 Direct or Indirect Returns......Page 198 Chapter 10: Conclusion......Page 203 Appendix......Page 209 Bibliography......Page 211 Index......Page 241 Contents 8 List of Tables and Figures 12 List of Acronyms 14 Acknowledgements 17 Foreword by Carlota Perez 19 Epigraph 24 Introduction: Do Something Different 25 A Discursive Battle 25 Beyond Fixing Failures 27 From ‘Crowding In’ to ‘Dynamizing In’ 29 Images Matter 30 Structure of the Book 32 Chapter 1: From Crisis Ideology to the Division of Innovative Labour 38 And in the Eurozone 40 State Picking Winners vs. Losers Picking the State 41 Beyond Market Failures and System Failures 44 The Bumpy Risk Landscape 45 Symbiotic vs. Parasitic Innovation ‘Ecosystems’ 46 Financialization 48 Chapter 2: Technology, Innovation and Growth 51 Technology and Growth 54 From Market Failures to System Failures 55 Myths about Drivers of Innovation and Ineffective Innovation Policy 61 Myth 1: Innovation is about R&D 63 Myth 2: Small is Beautiful 64 Myth 3: Venture Capital is Risk Loving 66 Myth 4: We Live in a Knowledge Economy – Just Look at all the Patents! 69 Myth 5: Europe’s Problem is all about Commercialization 71 Myth 6: Business Investment Requires ‘Less Tax and Red Tape’ 72 Chapter 3: Risk-Taking State: From ‘De-risking’ to ‘Bring It On!’ 76 What Type of Risk? 77 State Leading in Radical (Risky) Innovation 80 Pharmaceuticals: Radical vs. ‘Me Too’ Drugs 83 Biotechnology: Public Leader, Private Laggard 85 The National Institutes of Health: Creating the Wave vs. Surfing It 86 Chapter 4: The Us Entrepreneurial State 90 The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 91 The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Programme 96 Orphan Drugs 97 The National Nanotechnology Initiative 100 Chapter 5: The State behind the iPhone 103 The ‘State’ of Apple Innovation 104 Surfing through the Waves of Technological Advancements 108 From Apple I to the iPad: The State’s very visible hand 109 How State-funded research made possible Apple’s ‘invention’ of the iPod 111 Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), SPINTRONICS programme and hard disk drives 111 Solid-state chemistry and silicon-based semiconductor devices 112 From capacitive sensing to click-wheels 114 The Birth of the iPod’s Siblings: The iPhone and iPad 116 From click-wheels to multi-touch screens 116 Internet and HTTP/HTML 117 GPS and SIRI 119 Battery, display and other technologies 120 Did the US Government ‘Pick’ the iPod? 123 Fostering an Indigenous Sector 124 Chapter 6: Pushing vs. Nudging the Green Industrial Revolution 128 Funding a Green Industrial Revolution 131 National Approaches to Green Economic Development 134 China’s ‘green’ 5-year plan 136 UK’s start–stop approach to green initiatives 138 United States: An ambiguous approach to green technologies 140 Pros and cons of the US model 140 Pushing – Not Stalling – Green Development 148 The Importance of Patient Capital: Public Finance and State Development Banks 150 Chapter 7: Wind and Solar Power: Government Success Stories and Technology in Crisis 156 Wind and Solar Power: Growth Powered by Crisis 157 From the First ‘Wind Rush’ to the Rise of China’s Wind Power Sector 159 Solar Power Companies and the Origin of Their Technologies 164 Solar Bankruptcies: Where There’s a Will There’s a Way 167 Competition, Innovation and Market Size (Who’s Complaining?) 169 Conclusion: Clean Technology in Crisis 171 Myth 1: It’s all about R&D 172 Myth 2: Small is beautiful 173 Myth 3: Venture capital is risk loving 174 Building a green innovation ecosystem (symbiotic not parasitic) 175 Chapter 8: Risks and Rewards: From Rotten Apples to Symbiotic Ecosystems 178 Back to Apple: What Did the US Government Get Back for Its Investments? 180 Apple’s job-creation myth: Not all jobs are created equally 181 Apple’s love–hate relationship with US tax policies 184 The paradox of miracles in the digital economy: Why does corporate success result in regional economic misery? 187 Where Are Today’s Bell Labs? 189 Chapter 9: Socialization of Risk and Privatization of Rewards: Can the Entrepreneurial State Eat Its Cake Too? 193 The Skewed Reality of Risk and Reward 193 A New Framework 197 Direct or Indirect Returns 198 Chapter 10: Conclusion 203 Appendix 209 Bibliography 211 Index 241 This book, which builds on the author’s work for a high-impact DEMOS report (substantially developed and extended), debunks the myth of the State as a large bureaucratic organization that can at best facilitate the creative innovation which happens in the dynamic private sector. Analysing various case studies of innovation-led growth, in particular examples from Silicon Valley – from the Internet to the technologies behind the iPhone – it describes the opposite situation, whereby the private sector only finds the courage to invest after the entrepreneurial State has made the high-risk investments. It argues that in the history of modern capitalism – and today in what might soon become the ‘green’ revolution – the State has not only fixed market failures but also shaped and created markets, actively investing in new technologies and sectors that private investors only later find the courage to move into The Entrepreneurial State debunks the myth of the State as a bureaucratic organization only needed for 'fixing' market failures, leaving dynamic entrepreneurship and innovation to the private sector. Case studies on the funding of innovations behind Apple's iPhone, and the funding behind the global renewable energy sector, reveal the opposite situation, whereby the private sector only invests after the entrepreneurial State has made the high-risk bold investments. The book courageously asks: why are all the profits from this socialized risk-taking going private? Book jacket