معمای شخصیت شاخدار (ووتان، اودین، اودین، اوتین، ووتن، وودن)

Abstract Ágrip Preface Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Analysing Horned Figures: Scope and Aim 1.1.1 Terminology 1.1.2 Scope 1.1.3 Why? 1.1.4 Aims 1.2 Structure of the Thesis 1.2.1 A Note on the Languages 1.2.2 A Note on the Distribution Maps 2 Research History 2.1 Early Publications 2.1.1 A Numismatic Prelude: Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788–1865) 2.1.2 Publishing the Torslunda Plates: Oscar Montelius (1843–1921) 2.1.3 In the Shadow of the Animal Warrior 2.1.4 First Attempts at Acknowledging and Interpreting the Horned Figure Knut Stjerna (1874–1909) Nils Sjöberg (1871–1914) Axel Olrik (1864–1917) and a Reply by Jan de Vries (1890–1964) 2.2.1 Publishing the Archaeological Backlog: Gamla Uppsala, Birka and Oseberg The Monumental Mounds from Gamla Uppsala: Sune Lindqvist (1887–1967) The Publication of the Excavations of Graves at Birka by Hjalmar Stolpe (1841–1905) The Tapestries from Oseberg 2.2.2 Ground-Breaking New Discoveries at Sutton Hoo and Valsgärde Sutton Hoo and a Parallel from Valsgärde 7 Publishing Valsgärde 8: Greta Arwidsson (1906–1998) 2.2.3 Volatile Theories: Karl Hauck (1916–2007) 2.2.4 Roman Influences? The Cornuti and Weapon-Dancers Roman and Gaulish Origins of the Horned Figure: Bertil Almgren (1918–2011) Horned Figures and the Cornuti: András Alföldi Indigenous Weapon-Dancers: Wilhelm Holmqvist (1905–1989) 2.2.5 Images Including Horned Figures and their Motific Counterparts in Literature Fate and Weapon-Dances: Heinrich Beck (1929–2019) Horned Figures as Part of a Heroic Pattern: Alice Margaret Arent (Madelung) 2.3 New Objects Published and Catching up on the Archaeological Backlog in the 1960s and 1970s 2.3.1 Newly Discovered Artefacts in England The Finglesham Buckle: Sonia Chadwick Hawkes (1933–1999) and Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson (1905–2006) The Dover Implement: Vera Ivy Evison (1918–2018) 2.3.2 Revisiting Scandinavian Objects and Newly Discovered Artefacts in Sweden The Coin from the Staatliche Münzsammlung in Munich: Brita Malmer (1925–2013) The Ekhammar Pendant: Per-Olof Ringquist Revisiting the Torslunda Plates and their Find Context: Rupert Bruce-Mitford and Ulf Erik Hagberg (1932–2012) 2.3.3 Publishing Sutton Hoo: Rupert Bruce-Mitford 2.3.4 Publishing Valsgärde 7: Greta Arwidsson 2.4 More Discoveries, New Theories and Technological Advances 2.4.1 Karl Hauck’s Dioscuri 2.4.2 Óðinn or Not? The Pin from Staraja Ladoga 2.4.3 Revisiting the Torslunda Plates and the Pressblech Fragmentsfrom Gamla Uppsala The Torslunda Plates as Quick-and-Dirty Copies: Morten Axboe Laser Scanning: Birgit Arrhenius and Henry Freij (died 1998) 2.5 Putting the Horned Figure in a Wider Context 2.5.1 Horned Figures and Ring-Swords: Heiko Steuer 2.5.2 The German Perspective An Alemannic Origin? Kurt Böhner (1914–2007) 2.5.3 A Shaman on a Tapestry-Fragment from Oseberg: Anne Stine Ingstad 2.5.4 Horned Figures and Ritual Drama: Terry Gunnell 2.5.5 Horned Figures, Magic and Óðinn: Neil Price 2.6 Taking the Map into the 21st Century 2.6.1 Discoveries in Denmark and Skåne 2.6.2 Recent Discoveries in Norway, Central Sweden, Gotland, and Russia 2.6.3 Recent Discoveries in England and Scotland 2.7 Recent Scholarship on the Horned Figures: The Scandinavian Perspective 2.7.1 Roman Origins and Twin-Dragon Helmets: Michael Paul Speidel 2.7.2 Danish Origins of the Staraja Ladoga pin? Władysław Duczko 2.7.3 Berserkir: Peter Vang Petersen 2.7.4 Looking at the Archaeological Context: Michaela Helmbrecht 2.7.5 Óðinn in Gotland: Sigmund Oehrl 2.7.6 Discovering Óðinn? 2.8 Recent Scholarship on the Horned Figures: The British Perspective 2.8.1 Challenging Established Views: Alice Blackwell 2.8.2 Glorifying the Rempstone Mount: Keith Raynor 2.8.3 Three Possibilities: Stephen Pollington 2.8.4 A Focus on East-Anglia: Tim Pestell 2.8.5 Horned Figures as Side Notes Depictions of Face-Masks: Melissa Hermann Bodily Gestures and Bird-Headdresses: Lisa Brundle 2.8.6 Discovering Woden? 2.9 Research History: Conclusions 3 Methodology 3.1 The Problem with Naming the Horned Figure 3.2 How to Interpret Iron Age Imagery 3.2.1 Erwin Panofsky’s Three Steps of Analysing the Meaning of Images 3.2.2 Alexandra Pesch’s Framework to Analyse Germanic Animal Styles 3.2.3 Michaela Helmbrecht’s Context Analysis 3.3 The Problem of Using Literary Sources 3.3.1 Looking for a Needle in a Haystack 3.3.2 Mediaeval Norse Sources 3.3.3 Contemporary Sources 3.4 Archaeology as a Source 3.5 Methodology of the Thesis 4 Archaeological Context and Function 4.1 Graves 4.1.1 Birka Bj 571 4.1.2 Buckland Dover 161 4.1.3 Caenby 4.1.4 Ekhammar 6 4.1.5 Finglesham 95 4.1.6 Finglesham 138 4.1.7 Gamla Uppsala Östhögen 4.1.8 Gåtebo A2 4.1.9 Obrigheim I 139 4.1.10 Oseberg 4.1.11 Sutton Hoo Mound 1 4.1.12 Valsgärde 7 4.1.13 Valsgärde 8 4.1.14 Graves: Conclusions 4.2 Other Contexts: Settlements and Hoards 4.2.1 Gamla Uppsala 4.2.2 Tissø 4.2.3 Uppåkra 4.2.4 Birka 4.2.5 Gnëzdovo 4.2.6 Staraja Ladoga 4.2.7 Other Settlement Contexts Björnhovda Levide Sigerslevøster Keszthely-Fenékpuszta Bloodmoor Hill 4.2.8 Hoards The Staffordshire Hoard Stamford Bridge 4.2.9 Settlements and Hoards: Conclusions 4.3 Image Carriers 4.3.1 A Note on the Materials 4.3.2 Figurines 4.3.3 Pin Heads and Ring-Headed Pins Unidentifiable Artefacts/Possible Pin Heads Possible Ring-Headed Pins/Needles Distribution and Dating of Pin Heads and Ring-Headed Pins 4.3.4 Brooches 4.3.5 Pendants Primary Pendants Secondary Pendants Distribution and Dating of Pendants 4.3.6 Cast Mounts and Fittings 4.3.7 Pressblech and Pressblech Dies Pressblech Dies Pressblech Mounted on Helmets Pressblech Mounted on Other Objects and Fragments Distribution and Dating of Pressblech and Pressblech Dies 4.3.8 Other Types of Image Carriers Buckle Plates Coins Picture Stones Tapestry Fragments Distribution of Other Types of Image Carriers 4.3.9 Image Carriers: Dating and Conclusions 4.4 Distribution in Time and Space 4.4.1 An ‘International’ Phenomenon 4.4.2 A Retreat to Scandinavia and New Lands in the East 4.4.3 Distribution in Time and Space: Conclusions 4.5 Archaeological Context and Function: Conclusions 5 Iconographic Motifs 5.1 General Characteristics of the Images 5.1.1 Image Type 5.1.2 Image Realism 5.1.3 En Face vs. Profile 5.1.4 General Characteristics of the Images: Conclusions 5.2 The Horned Figure 5.2.1 Horned Headgear Types of Horns Bird-Headed Terminals Types of Headgear Horned Headgear: Conclusions 5.2.2 Facial Features One-Eyed Figures Facial Hair Facial Features: Conclusions 5.2.3 Bodily Representation 5.2.4 Clothing 5.2.5 Attributes 5.2.6 Movement 5.2.7 Gender 5.2.8 The Horned Figure: Conclusions An Anglo-Saxon Twist to the Motif: Head-Shaped Open-Work Mounts 5.3 The Horned Figure in its Motific Context 5.3.1 Horned Figure(s) and Animal Warrior(s) 5.3.2 ‘Twin’ Horned Figures 5.3.3 Horned Figure as a Guiding Figure Horned Figure Guides Spear of Mounted Warrior Horned Figure Guides Ship Horned Figure as a Guiding Figure: Conclusions 5.3.4 Horned Figure(s) in a Group of People Horned Figure in a Procession Horned Figure(s) and Warriors Horned Figure(s) in a Group of People: Conclusions 5.3.5 Horned Figure(s) and ‘Waving’ Spears 5.3.6 The Horned Figure in its Motific Context: Conclusions 5.4 Ambiguous and Related Figures 5.4.1 Helmbrecht’s Subgroup 6 5.4.2 Other Ambiguous and Related Figures 5.4.3 Ambiguous and Related Figures: Conclusions 5.5 Iconographic Motifs: Conclusions 6 Conclusions 7 Catalogue Denmark DK-HAK Hakonsgård DK-MES Mesinge DK-NOR Nørholm DK-SIG Sigerslevøster DK-SVI Svinninge DK-TISa Fugledegård (Tissø) DK-TISb Tissø DK-TISc Kalmargård (Tissø) DK-VES Vestervang Norway NO-OSE-2 Oseberg NO-OSE-13B2 Oseberg NO-OSE-16 Oseberg Sweden SE-BIR Birka Bj 571 SE-BJO Björnhovda SE-EKH Ekhammar 6 SE-GAUa Gamla Uppsala Östhögen SE-GAUb Gamla Uppsala SE-GOT Gothem SE-GAT Gåtebo A2 SE-LEV Levide SE-SMI Smiss SE-STV Stora Valle SE-UPP Uppåkra SE-VAL-7 Valsgärde 7 SE-VAL-8 Valsgärde 8 United Kingdom GB-ATT Attleborough GB-AYT Ayton GB-BAI Bainton GB-BLA Blakeney GB-BLH Bloodmoor Hill GB-CAE Caenby GB-CAI Caistor GB-CAM Cambridgeshire GB-CRA Crawley GB-DOV Buckland Dover 161 GB-DUR Durnford GB-FIN-95 Finglesham 95 GB-FIN-138 Finglesham 138 GB-HAM Hammerwich (Staffordshire Hoard) GB-HET Hethel GB-KIW Kings Worthy GB-LEG Letheringsett with Glandford GB-MAR Marham GB-MEL Melton GB-RAD Radwinter GB-REE Reepham GB-REM Rempstone GB-SAN Saxlingham Nethergate GB-SOB Soberton GB-STB Stamford Bridge GB-STR Streatley GB-SUH Sutton Hoo Mound 1 GB-SUT Sutton GB-TSM Tuddenham St. Martin GB-WEI West Ilsley Other Areas and Unknown Find Spots DE-OBR Obrigheim I 139 HU-KEF Keszthely-Fenékpuszta RU-GNE Gnëzdovo RU-STL Staraja Ladoga XX-MUN Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources