The Enigma of the Aerofoil : Rival Theories in Aerodynamics, 1909-1930

Why do aircraft fly? How do their wings support them? In the early years of aviation, there was an intense dispute between British and German experts over the question of why and how an aircraft wing provides lift. The British, under the leadership of the great Cambridge mathematical physicist Lord Rayleigh, produced highly elaborate investigations of the nature of discontinuous flow, while the Germans, following Ludwig Prandtl in Göttingen, relied on the tradition called “technical mechanics” to explain the flow of air around a wing. Much of the basis of modern aerodynamics emerged from this remarkable episode, yet it has never been subject to a detailed historical and sociological analysis. In The Enigma of the Aerofoil, David Bloor probes a neglected aspect of this important period in the history of aviation. Bloor draws upon papers by the participants—their restricted technical reports, meeting minutes, and personal correspondence, much of which has never before been published—and reveals the impact that the divergent mathematical traditions of Cambridge and Göttingen had on this great debate. Bloor also addresses why the British, even after discovering the failings of their own theory, remained resistant to the German circulation theory for more than a decade. The result is essential reading for anyone studying the history, philosophy, or sociology of science or technology—and for all those intrigued by flight. Why do aircraft fly? How do their wings support them? In the early years of aviation, there was an intense dispute between British and German experts over the question of why and how an aircraft wing provides lift. The British, under the leadership of the great Cambridge mathematical physicist Lord Rayleigh, produced highly elaborate investigations of the nature of discontinuous flow, while the Germans, following Ludwig Prandtl in Göttingen, relied on the tradition called “technical mechanics” to explain the flow of air around a wing. Much of the basis of modern aerodynamics emerged from this remarkable episode, yet it has never been subject to a detailed historical and sociological analysis. In 'The Enigma of the Aerofoil', David Bloor probes a neglected aspect of this important period in the history of aviation. Bloor draws upon papers by the participants - their restricted technical reports, meeting minutes, and personal correspondence, much of which has never before been published - and reveals the impact that the divergent mathematical traditions of Cambridge and Göttingen had on this great debate. Bloor also addresses why the British, even after discovering the failings of their own theory, remained resistant to the German circulation theory for more than a decade. The result is essential reading for anyone studying the history, philosophy, or sociology of science or technology - and for all those intrigued by flight Why do aircraft fly? How do their wings support them? In the early years of aviation, there was an intense dispute between British and German experts over the question of why and how an aircraft wing provides lift. The British, under the leadership of the great Cambridge mathematical physicist Lord Rayleigh, produced highly elaborate investigations of the nature of discontinuous flow, while the Germans, following Ludwig Prandtl in Göttingen, relied on the tradition called “technical mechanics” to explain the flow of air around a wing. Much of the basis of modern aerodynamics emerged from this remarkable episode, yet it has never been subject to a detailed historical and sociological analysis.In __The Enigma of the Aerofoil__, David Bloor probes a neglected aspect of this important period in the history of aviation. Bloor draws upon papers by the participants—their restricted technical reports, meeting minutes, and personal correspondence, much of which has never before been published—and reveals the impact that the divergent mathematical traditions of Cambridge and Göttingen had on this great debate. Bloor also addresses why the British, even after discovering the failings of their own theory, remained resistant to the German circulation theory for more than a decade. The result is essential reading for anyone studying the history, philosophy, or sociology of science or technology—and for all those intrigued by flight. Although Aviation Developed Enormously In The Decades Before 1930, The Physics Of The Aerofoil - How The Wing Of An Aeroplane Works - Remained A Matter Of Dispute. This Book Reviews The Competing Theories And Explains Why British Scientists Stuck To Their Hypothesis Long After Its Failings Had Begun To Be Obvious. Mathematicians Versus Practical Men: The Founding Of The Advisory Committee For Aeronautics -- The Air As An Ideal Fluid: Classical Hydrodynamics And The Foundations Of Aerodynamics -- Early British Work On Lift And Drag: Rayleigh Flow Versus The Aerodynamics Of Intuition -- Lanchester's Cyclic Theory Of Lift And Its Early Reception -- Two Traditions: Mathematical Physics And Technical Mechanics -- Technische Mechanik In Action: Kutta's Arc And The Joukowsky Wing -- The Finite Wing: Ludwig Prandtl And The Göttingen School -- 'we Have Nothing To Learn From The Hun: Realization Dawns -- The Laws Of Prandtl And The Laws Of Nature -- Pessimism, Positivism, And Relativism: Aerodynamic Knowledge In Context. David Bloor. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Contents......Page 6 List of Illustrations......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Introduction: The Question to Be Answered......Page 16 1. Mathematicians versus Practical Men: The Founding of the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics......Page 24 2. The Air as an Ideal Fluid: Classical Hydrodynamics and the Foundations of Aerodynamics......Page 55 3. Early British Work on Lift and Drag: Rayleigh Flow versus the Aerodynamics of Intuition......Page 94 4. Lanchester’s Cyclic Theory of Lift and Its Early Reception......Page 126 5. Two Traditions: Mathematical Physics and Technical Mechanics......Page 175 6. Technische Mechanik in Action: Kutta’s Arc and the Joukowsky Wing......Page 215 7. The Finite Wing: Ludwig Prandtl and the Göttingen School......Page 262 8. “We Have Nothing to Learn from the Hun”: Realization Dawns......Page 319 9. The Laws of Prandtl and the Laws of Nature......Page 355 10. Pessimism, Positivism, and Relativism: Aerodynamic Knowledge in Context......Page 414 Notes......Page 462 Bibliography......Page 512 Index......Page 550 In the early years of aviation, there was an intense dispute between British and German experts over the question of why and how an aircraft wing provides lift. This title reveals the impact that the divergent mathematical traditions of Cambridge and Gottingen had on this debate.