The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People : Since 1865 (Vol. II)

The Enduring Vision features an engaging narrative that integrates political, social, and cultural history within a chronological framework. The first U.S. history survey to incorporate sustained attention to cultural history, the text is also known for its innovative coverage of public health, the environment, and the West—including Native American history. The Sixth Edition presents increased global coverage and a new comparative feature, "Beyond America: Global Interactions," which provides an international context for significant developments in the United States. A range of student oriented pedagogical features—including focus questions and an online glossary—makes this edition even more accessible. The authors continue to explore the enduring vision of the American people, a vision they describe as "a shared determination to live up to the values that give meaning to America." Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 8 Special Features......Page 15 Figures......Page 16 Tables......Page 17 Preface......Page 18 About the Authors......Page 24 Prologue: Enduring Vision, Enduring Land......Page 28 The West......Page 29 The Heartland......Page 30 The Atlantic Seaboard......Page 32 A Legacy and a Challenge......Page 33 16 The Crises of Reconstruction, 1865–1877......Page 36 Reconstruction Politics, 1865–1868......Page 37 Lincoln's Plan......Page 38 Presidential Reconstruction Under Johnson......Page 39 The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866......Page 40 The Impeachment Crisis, 1867–1868......Page 42 The Fifteenth Amendment and the Question of Woman Suffrage, 1869-1870......Page 45 Reconstruction Governments......Page 46 A New Electorate......Page 47 Republican Rule......Page 48 Counterattacks......Page 49 Confronting Freedom......Page 50 African-American Institutions......Page 52 Land, Labor, and Sharecropping......Page 53 Toward a Crop-Lien Economy......Page 54 Grantism......Page 56 The Panic of 1873......Page 58 Reconstruction and the Constitution......Page 61 "Redeeming" the South......Page 62 The Election of 1876......Page 63 Technology and Culture: The Sewing Machine......Page 59 Chronology, 1865–1877......Page 66 17 The Transformation of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860–1900......Page 70 Native Americans and the Trans-Mississippi West......Page 71 The Plains Indians......Page 72 The Assault on Nomadic Indian Life......Page 73 Custer's Last Stand, 1876......Page 75 "Saving" the Indians......Page 76 The Ghost Dance and the End of Indian Resistance on the Great Plains,1890......Page 78 The First Transcontinental Railroad......Page 80 Settlers and the Railroad......Page 81 Homesteading on the Great Plains......Page 82 Building a Society and Achieving Statehood......Page 84 The Spread of Mormonism......Page 85 Southwestern Borderlands......Page 86 Exploiting the Western Landscape......Page 87 The Mining Frontier......Page 88 Cowboys and the Cattle Frontier......Page 90 Bonanza Farms......Page 91 The Oklahoma Land Rush, 1889......Page 92 Revitalizing the Frontier Legend......Page 95 Beginning a National Parks Movement......Page 96 Beyond America—Global Interactions: Cattle-Raising in the Americas......Page 93 Chronology, 1860–1900......Page 98 18 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865–1900......Page 102 The Character of Industrial Change......Page 103 Railroad Innovations......Page 104 Consolidating the Railroad Industry......Page 105 Applying the Lessons of the Railroads to Steel......Page 106 The Trust: Creating New Forms of Corporate Organization......Page 108 The Triumph of Technology......Page 110 Specialized Production......Page 113 Advertising and Marketing......Page 114 The New South......Page 115 The New South Creed and Southern Industrialization......Page 116 The Southern Mill Economy......Page 117 The Southern Industrial Lag......Page 118 The Hardships of Industrial Labor......Page 119 Immigrant Labor......Page 120 Women and Work in Industrial America......Page 121 Hard Work and the Gospel of Success......Page 123 Organizing Workers......Page 124 Strikes and Labor Violence......Page 127 Social Thinkers Probe for Alternatives......Page 129 Technology and Culture: Electricity......Page 111 Conclusion......Page 130 Chronology, 1865–1900......Page 131 19 Immigration, Urbanization, and Everyday Life, 1860–1900......Page 134 The New American City......Page 135 Migrants and Immigrants......Page 136 Adjusting to an Urban Society......Page 138 Fashionable Avenues and Suburbs......Page 140 The Cult of Domesticity......Page 143 The Transformation of Higher Education......Page 144 Battling Poverty......Page 147 The Social Gospel......Page 149 The Settlement-House Movement......Page 150 Streets, Saloons, and Boxing Matches......Page 151 The Rise of Professional Sports......Page 153 Ragtime......Page 155 The Genteel Tradition and Its Critics......Page 156 Modernism in Architecture and Painting......Page 158 From Victorian Lady to New Woman......Page 159 Public Education as an Arena of Class Conflict......Page 160 Technology and Culture: Flush Toilets and the Invention of the Nineteenth-Century Bathroom......Page 141 Conclusion......Page 162 Chronology, 1860–1900......Page 163 20 Politics and Expansion in an Industrializing Age, 1877–1900......Page 166 Contested Political Visions......Page 167 Patterns of Party Strength......Page 169 Civil Service Reform......Page 170 Politics of Privilege, Politics of Exclusion, 1884–1892......Page 171 A Democrat in the White House: Grover Cleveland, 1885–1889......Page 172 Big Business Strikes Back, Benjamin Harrison, 1889–1893......Page 173 Agrarian Protest and the Rise of the People's Party......Page 174 African-Americans After Reconstruction......Page 177 1892: Populists Challenge the Status Quo......Page 179 Capitalism in Crisis:The Depression of 1893–1897......Page 180 Business Leaders Respond......Page 181 Silver Advocates Capture the Democratic Party......Page 182 1896: Republicans Triumphant......Page 184 Roots of Expansionist Sentiment......Page 185 Pacific Expansion......Page 186 The Spanish-American War, 1898......Page 189 Guerrilla War in the Philippines, 1898–1902......Page 191 Beyond America—Global Interactions: Missionaries to the World......Page 187 Conclusion......Page 192 Chronology, 1877–1900......Page 193 21 The Progressive Era, 1900–1917......Page 196 The Many Faces of Progressivism......Page 197 Intellectuals Offer New Social Views......Page 198 Novelists, Journalists, and Artists Spotlight Social Problems......Page 202 Reforming the Political Process......Page 203 Regulating Business, Protecting Workers......Page 204 Making Cities More Livable......Page 206 Moral Control in the Cities......Page 208 Battling Alcohol and Drugs......Page 209 Immigration Restriction and Eugenics......Page 210 Racism and Progressivism......Page 211 African-American Leaders Organize Against Racism......Page 213 Revival of the Woman-Suffrage Movement......Page 214 Enlarging "Woman's Sphere"......Page 215 Workers Organize; Socialism Advances......Page 216 National Progressivism Phase I: Roosevelt and Taft, 1901–1913......Page 217 Labor Disputes,Trustbusting, Railroad Regulation......Page 218 Consumer Protection......Page 219 Environmentalism Progressive-Style......Page 220 Taft in the White House, 1909–1913......Page 222 The Four-Way Election of 1912......Page 223 Tariff and Banking Reform......Page 224 Progressivism and the Constitution......Page 226 1916:Wilson Edges Out Hughes......Page 227 Beyond America—Global Interactions: Progressive Reformers Worldwide Share Ideas and Strategies......Page 199 Chronology, 1900–1917......Page 228 22 Global Involvements and World War I, 1902–1920......Page 232 The "Open Door": Competing for the China Market......Page 233 The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy......Page 234 Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia......Page 235 Wilson and Latin America......Page 236 The Perils of Neutrality......Page 238 The United States Enters the War......Page 240 Raising,Training, and Testing an Army......Page 241 Organizing the Economy for War......Page 243 With the American Expeditionary Force in France......Page 244 Turning the Tide......Page 245 Advertising the War......Page 247 Wartime Intolerance and Dissent......Page 248 Suppressing Dissent by Law......Page 251 Blacks Migrate Northward......Page 252 Women in Wartime......Page 253 Public Health Crisis: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic......Page 254 The War and Progressivism......Page 255 Wilson's Fourteen Points; The Armistice......Page 256 The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919......Page 257 The Fight over the League of Nations......Page 258 Racism and Red Scare, 1919–1920......Page 260 The Election of 1920......Page 261 Technology and Culture: The Phonograph, Popular Music, and Home-Front Morale in World War I......Page 249 Conclusion......Page 262 Chronology, 1902–1920......Page 263 23 The 1920s: Coping with Change, 1920–1929......Page 266 Booming Business, Ailing Agriculture......Page 267 New Modes of Producing, Managing, and Selling......Page 269 Struggling Labor Unions in a Business Age......Page 270 Standpat Politics in a Decade of Change......Page 271 Republican Policy Making in a Probusiness Era......Page 272 Progressive Stirrings, Democratic Party Divisions......Page 274 Cities, Cars, Consumer Goods......Page 275 Soaring Energy Consumption and a Threatened Environment......Page 276 Mass-Produced Entertainment......Page 278 Celebrity Culture......Page 279 The Jazz Age and the Postwar Crisis of Values......Page 280 Alienated Writers......Page 281 Architects, Painters, and Musicians Confront Modern America......Page 282 The Harlem Renaissance......Page 285 Immigration Restriction......Page 286 Needed Workers/ Unwelcome Aliens: Hispanic Newcomers......Page 287 Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial......Page 288 The Ku Klux Klan......Page 289 The Garvey Movement......Page 290 Prohibition: Cultures in Conflict......Page 291 The Election of 1928......Page 292 Herbert Hoover's Social Thought......Page 293 Beyond America—Global Interactions: The "New Woman" in the 1920s......Page 283 Conclusion......Page 294 Chronology, 1920–1929......Page 295 24 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929–1939......Page 298 Black Thursday and the Onset of the Depression......Page 299 Hoover's Response......Page 300 Mounting Discontent and Protest......Page 301 Roosevelt and His Circle......Page 303 The Hundred Days......Page 305 Problems and Controversies Plague the Early New Deal......Page 307 1934–1935: Challenges from Right and Left......Page 309 Aiding Migrants,Supporting Unions, Regulating Business,Taxing the Wealthy......Page 310 The Social Security Act of 1935; End of the Second New Deal......Page 312 The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Democratic Coalition......Page 313 The Environment and the West......Page 314 The Roosevelt Recession......Page 316 Final Measures;Growing Opposition......Page 317 The Depression's Psychological and Social Impact......Page 318 Industrial Workers Unionize......Page 319 Black and Hispanic Americans Resist Racism and Exploitation......Page 321 A New Deal for Native Americans......Page 323 Avenues of Escape: Radio and the Movies......Page 324 The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism; Reaffirming Traditional Values......Page 327 Streamlining and a World's Fair: Corporate America's Utopian Vision......Page 329 Technology and Culture: Sound,Color,and Animation Come to the Movies......Page 325 Conclusion......Page 330 Chronology, 1929–1939......Page 331 25 Americans and a World in Crisis, 1933–1945......Page 334 Nationalism and the Good Neighbor......Page 335 The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe and Asia......Page 336 The Gathering Storm, 1938–1939......Page 337 Into the Storm, 1939–1941......Page 338 From Isolation to Intervention......Page 341 Pearl Harbor and the Coming of War......Page 342 Organizing for Victory......Page 344 The War Economy......Page 345 A Wizard War"......Page 347 Propaganda and Politics......Page 348 Liberating Europe......Page 349 The Grand Alliance......Page 351 War and American Society......Page 352 The Home Front......Page 353 Racism and New Opportunities......Page 356 War and Diversity......Page 358 The Internment of Japanese-Americans......Page 359 The Yalta Conference......Page 360 Victory in Europe......Page 361 The Atomic Bombs......Page 362 Beyond America—Global Interactions: Refugees from Fascism: The Intellectual Migration to the United States......Page 339 Conclusion......Page 364 Chronology, 1933–1945......Page 365 26 The Cold War Abroad and at Home, 1945–1952......Page 368 Demobilization and Reconversion......Page 369 The GI Bill of Rights......Page 370 Truman's Domestic Program......Page 371 Polarization and Cold War......Page 372 The Iron Curtain Descends......Page 374 Containing Communism......Page 377 Confrontation in Germany......Page 378 The Cold War in Asia......Page 379 The Korean War, 1950–1953......Page 381 The Truman Administration at Home, 1945–1952......Page 383 The Politics of Civil Rights and the Election of 1948......Page 384 The Fair Deal......Page 386 The Anticommunist Crusade......Page 387 Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs......Page 389 McCarthyism......Page 390 The Election of 1952......Page 391 Beyond America—Global Interactions: Decolonization and the Cold War......Page 375 Conclusion......Page 392 Chronology, 1945–1952......Page 393 27 America at Midcentury, 1952–1960......Page 396 "Dynamic Conservatism"......Page 397 The Downfall of Joseph McCarthy......Page 398 Jim Crow in Court......Page 401 The Laws of the Land......Page 402 Ike and Dulles......Page 403 CIA Covert Actions......Page 404 The Vietnam Domino......Page 405 The Affluent Society......Page 406 The New Industrial Society......Page 407 The Age of Computers......Page 408 The Costs of Bigness......Page 409 Blue-Collar Blues......Page 410 Prosperity and the Suburbs......Page 411 Togetherness and the Baby Boom......Page 413 Religion and Education......Page 414 The Culture of the Fifties......Page 415 The Television Culture......Page 416 Poverty and Urban Blight......Page 418 Blacks' Struggle for Justice......Page 419 Latinos and Latinas......Page 420 Sputnik......Page 421 A Different Beat......Page 422 Portents of Change......Page 423 Technology and Culture: The Interstate Highway System......Page 399 Chronology, 1952–1960......Page 425 28 The Liberal Era, 1960–1968......Page 428 The Kennedy Presidency, 1960–1963......Page 429 Kennedy's Domestic Record......Page 430 Cold War Activism......Page 432 The Thousand-Day Presidency......Page 433 Nonviolence and Violence......Page 434 The African-American Revolution......Page 435 The Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts......Page 436 Fire in the Streets......Page 437 "Black Power"......Page 439 Johnson Takes Over......Page 440 The 1964 Election......Page 441 The Warren Court in the Sixties......Page 442 Voices of Protest......Page 444 Hispanic Americans Organize......Page 445 A Second Feminist Wave......Page 447 The Liberal Crusade in Vietnam, 1961–1968......Page 448 Kennedy and Vietnam......Page 451 Escalation of the War......Page 452 Doves Versus Hawks......Page 453 Technology and Culture: The Pill......Page 449 Chronology, 1960–1968......Page 455 29 A Time of Upheaval, 1968–1974......Page 458 Toward a New Left......Page 459 From Protest to Resistance......Page 460 Kent State and Jackson State......Page 462 Legacy of Student Frenzy......Page 463 Musical Revolution......Page 464 Gay Liberation......Page 465 A Shaken President......Page 466 Assassinations and Turmoil......Page 470 Conservative Resurgence......Page 471 Vietnamization......Page 472 LBJ's War Becomes Nixon's War......Page 473 Détente......Page 474 Shuttle Diplomacy......Page 475 The Nixon Presidency......Page 477 A Troubled Economy......Page 478 Law and Order......Page 479 The Election of 1972......Page 480 The Watergate Upheaval......Page 481 A President Disgraced......Page 482 Beyond America—Global Interactions: The British Invasion......Page 467 Conclusion......Page 483 Chronology, 1964–1974......Page 484 30 Conservative Resurgence, Economic Woes, Foreign Challenges, 1974–1989......Page 486 Personal Pursuits and Diversions......Page 487 Changing Gender Roles and Sexual Behavior......Page 491 The Persistence of Social Activism......Page 492 Grass-Roots Conservatism......Page 493 Evangelical Protestants Mobilize......Page 494 A Changing Economy......Page 495 The Two Worlds of Black America......Page 496 New Patterns of Immigration......Page 497 The Caretaker Presidency of Gerald Ford, 1974–1977......Page 498 The Outsider as Insider: President Jimmy Carter, 1977–1981......Page 499 Troubles and Frustration as Carter's Term Ends......Page 501 Roots of the Reagan Revolution......Page 502 Reaganomics......Page 503 The "Evil Empire" and Crises in the Middle East......Page 506 Reagan Reelected......Page 508 Supreme Court Appointments, Budget Deficits, the Iran- Contra Scandal......Page 509 Reagan's Mission to Moscow......Page 510 The Middle East: Tensions and Terrorism......Page 511 Assessing the Reagan Years......Page 512 Technology and Culture: The Personal Computer......Page 489 Chronology, 1974–1989......Page 513 31 Beyond the Cold War: Charting a New Course, 1988–2000......Page 516 The Cold War Ends......Page 517 The Persian Gulf War, 1991......Page 518 Home-Front Problems and Domestic Policies......Page 520 1992: Clinton Versus Bush, and a Third-Party Challenge......Page 522 Shaping a Domestic Agenda......Page 523 A Sharp Right Turn: 1994–1996......Page 525 An Uneven Prosperity......Page 527 Clinton's Foreign Policy: Defining America's Role in a Post–Cold War World......Page 528 The Middle East: Seeking an Elusive Peace, Combating a Wily Foe......Page 531 Nuclear Proliferation, Terrorism, and Peacekeeping Challenges......Page 532 A New World Order Painfully Emerges......Page 533 Campaign 1996 and After: Battling Big Tobacco; Balancing the Budget......Page 534 Election 2000: Bush Versus Gore......Page 535 Affluence and a Search for Heroes......Page 537 Outbursts of Violence Stir Concern......Page 538 Culture Wars: A Broader View......Page 540 Beyond America—Global Interactions: The Challenge of Globalization......Page 529 Chronology, 1988–2000......Page 541 32 Global Dangers, Global Challenges, 2001 to the Present......Page 544 The Bush Administration Begins......Page 545 Day of Horror: September 11, 2001......Page 546 Confronting the Enemy in Afghanistan......Page 547 Tightening Home-Front Security......Page 548 The Campaign in Iraq, 2003–2004......Page 549 Economic Reverses and Corporate Scandals......Page 551 The Republican Domestic Agenda......Page 553 Campaign Finance Reform and the Election of 2004......Page 554 The Continuing Struggle in Iraq; Sagging Home-Front Support......Page 556 Nuclear Proliferation Threats......Page 560 Environmental Hazards Become a Global Concern......Page 561 An Increasingly Diverse People......Page 562 Upward Mobility and Social Problems in a Multiethnic Society......Page 566 The "New Economy" and the Old Economy......Page 569 Hurricane Katrina Tests the Bush Administration......Page 571 Extending Republican Influence: From the Supreme Court to K Street......Page 573 Debating Immigration......Page 574 Conclusion......Page 576 Technology and Culture: Developing New Tools for Measuring Global Warming......Page 563 Chronology, 2001–2006......Page 577 Declaration of Independence......Page 580 Constitution of the United States of America......Page 582 Territorial Expansion......Page 593 Population Density and Distribution......Page 594 Changing Characteristics of the U.S. Population......Page 595 Major Sources of Immigration, 1820–2000......Page 596 The American Worker......Page 597 Presidential Elections......Page 598 Key Economic Indicators......Page 602 Federal Budget Outlays and Debt......Page 603 Credits......Page 604 Index......Page 608