The encyclopedia of applied ethics. Vol. 2, E-L

Cover......Page 1 Encyclopedia Of Applied Ethics Second Edition......Page 2 Copyright......Page 5 Editor-In-Chief......Page 6 Section Editors......Page 8 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 12 Contributors To Volume 1......Page 14 Preface......Page 26 Contents......Page 28 The Moral Status of the Fetus......Page 38 The Violinist and Other Analogies......Page 40 Feminist Approaches to Abortion......Page 41 Further Reading......Page 42 Biographical Sketch......Page 43 Accounting and Its Relationship to Business: A Brief History of Accounting......Page 44 The Profession of Accounting......Page 45 Ethics and the Accounting Professions......Page 46 Critical Ethical Issues Faced by Professional Accountants......Page 48 Trends in Accounting Ethics Research......Page 51 Relevant Websites......Page 52 Biographical Sketch......Page 53 The Doctrine of Acts and Omissions......Page 54 Varieties of Omission......Page 55 The Size of the Evil......Page 56 Killing and Letting Die: The Case of Euthanasia......Page 57 Biographical Sketch......Page 58 Introduction......Page 59 Defining Addiction......Page 60 Partisan Responses to Drug Misuse......Page 62 An Ethical Response to Addiction......Page 64 Further Reading......Page 66 Biographical Sketches......Page 67 Overview of Ethical Issues in Adoption......Page 68 Self-Determination and Autonomy......Page 69 Informed Consent......Page 71 Confidentiality and Privacy versus Secrecy......Page 72 Paternalism and Coercion......Page 73 Social and Economic Justice......Page 74 Relevant Websites......Page 75 Biographical Sketch......Page 76 Historical Overview......Page 77 Moral Justification......Page 78 Philosophical Remarks......Page 79 Further Reading......Page 82 Biographical Sketch......Page 83 Advertising and Contemporary Society......Page 84 The Social Consequences of Advertising......Page 85 Advertising, Manipulation, and Persuasion......Page 87 Advertising and Deception......Page 90 Biographical Sketch......Page 92 Glossary......Page 93 The Controversy......Page 94 Affirmative Action as Public Policy......Page 95 Affirmative Action Abroad......Page 101 Philosophical Arguments......Page 103 Conclusion: Future Prospects......Page 107 Relevant Websites......Page 108 Introduction......Page 109 Quality and Access......Page 110 Making Housing Affordable......Page 111 Conclusions......Page 114 Biographical Sketch......Page 115 Ageism in Employment......Page 116 Ways of Behaving toward Older People......Page 117 The Distribution of Resources......Page 118 Summary......Page 121 Biographical Sketch......Page 122 Introduction......Page 123 Ethical Issues in Agriculture: An Overview......Page 124 Ethical Analyses of Agriculture: The Ethical Matrix......Page 126 Case Studies......Page 128 Relevant Websites......Page 132 Biographical Sketch......Page 133 Ethical Issues in Clinical Care......Page 134 Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials......Page 136 Disease and Global Justice......Page 138 The Future of an Epidemic......Page 139 Further Reading......Page 140 Biographical Sketch......Page 141 Clinical Research......Page 142 Sex Education......Page 143 Resource Allocation......Page 144 Further Reading......Page 145 Introduction......Page 146 Does Altruism Exist?......Page 147 Altruism and Evolution......Page 148 Is More Altruism Preferable to Less?......Page 149 The Implications of Altruism for the Design of Institutions......Page 151 Biographical Sketch......Page 152 Definition and Overview of the Questions......Page 153 Whether the Dead Can Be Harmed at All......Page 154 Moral Duties with No Corresponding Interests......Page 156 Human Dignity and the Treatment of the Dead Body and Dismembered Body Parts......Page 157 Is It Rational to Care About the Fate of My Dead Body?......Page 161 The Ethos of Anatomy and Medical Education......Page 162 Biographical Sketch......Page 163 Introduction......Page 164 The Theoretical Basis of Animal Research Ethics......Page 165 Ethics in Practice: Issues in Research and Regulation......Page 167 Biographical Sketches......Page 171 Introduction......Page 173 The Roots of Anthropocentrism......Page 174 Similarities between Humans and Other Animals......Page 176 Human and Nonhuman Rights: Three Possible Positions......Page 177 Determining the Basis of Moral Rights......Page 178 Two Arguments for the Rights of Sentient Beings......Page 180 Biographical Sketch......Page 181 Anthropocentrism: What is it?......Page 182 Anthropocentrism as an Environmental Ethic......Page 183 The Other Lenses: A Wider Moral Community......Page 186 A Changed Relationship with the Natural World......Page 189 Why Our Environmental Ethic Matters......Page 191 Biographical Sketches......Page 192 Introduction......Page 193 Appearance Should Not Matter......Page 195 Enhancement of Appearance Is Morally Wrong or at Least Dubious......Page 196 Why Not Accept the Way One Looks Rather Than Change?......Page 197 Autonomous Choices?......Page 198 The Role of Doctors......Page 201 Relevant Websites......Page 202 Biographical Sketches......Page 203 Applied Ethics, Ethical Skepticism, and Ethical Expertise......Page 204 Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory......Page 207 Conclusion: Theory and a Return to Ethical Expertise......Page 209 Further Reading......Page 210 Introduction......Page 211 General Ethical Theory and Principalism......Page 212 Contextualism and Related Developments......Page 213 Biographical Sketch......Page 215 Introduction......Page 216 A History of Archaeological Ethics......Page 217 How Do Archaeologists Approach Ethics?......Page 219 Themes in Archaeological Ethics......Page 221 Further Reading......Page 224 Biographical Sketches......Page 225 Aristotle’s Approach to Ethics......Page 226 Aristotle’s Method in Ethics......Page 228 Aristotelian Ethical Theory: Eudaimonia, Human Nature, and Virtue......Page 231 Prominent Features of Aristotelian Ethical Theory......Page 236 Aristotelian Ethics and Applied Ethics......Page 237 Further Reading......Page 240 Biographical Sketch......Page 241 The Bad......Page 242 The Good......Page 247 Biographical Sketch......Page 249 Auditors and Corporations......Page 250 The Role of the Corporate Auditor......Page 251 Judging the Quality of an Audit......Page 252 Ethical Influences on Auditor Decisions......Page 253 The Self-Interested Auditor (a Rational Economic Person)......Page 254 The Economic Value of a Self-Governing Audit Profession......Page 255 Analyzing the Ethical Pronouncements of the Auditing Profession......Page 256 Conclusions......Page 257 Biographical Sketch......Page 258 Authority and Society......Page 259 Authority and Teaching......Page 260 Authority and the Curriculum......Page 262 Further Reading......Page 264 Biographical Sketch......Page 265 The Historical Development of the Concept of Autonomy......Page 266 Autonomy in Modern Applied Ethics......Page 267 Critiques of the Emphasis on Autonomy......Page 271 See also......Page 272 Biographical Sketch......Page 273 Brief History......Page 274 Legal Instruments......Page 275 Case Studies......Page 277 Challenges......Page 280 Biographical Sketch......Page 282 Introduction......Page 283 Consent, Confidentiality, and Access......Page 284 Return of Results/Recontact/Reconsent......Page 285 Conclusion......Page 286 Biographical Sketches......Page 287 Conflict Resolution Principles......Page 288 Individualism and Holism......Page 290 Distinguishing Life That Has Intrinsic Value......Page 292 Biographical Sketch......Page 294 Introduction......Page 295 Valuing Biodiversity......Page 296 The Ontological Dimension in Valuing Biodiversity......Page 298 Further Reading......Page 302 Biographical Sketch......Page 303 Introduction......Page 304 Historical Notes on Bioethics......Page 305 Substantive Issues in Bioethics......Page 306 Disciplinary Approaches to Bioethics......Page 309 Foundational Ethical Assumptions in Bioethics - Philosophical/Ethical lsquoSchools’ of Bioethics......Page 311 References......Page 314 What is Bioinformatics?......Page 315 The Idea of Information and the Question of Genetic Essentialism......Page 316 Ethical Problems in the Big Science: Openness......Page 318 Bioinformatics and Patents......Page 319 Further Reading......Page 321 Biographical Sketch......Page 322 Overview of Biometrics......Page 323 Biometrics and Ethics: Historical and International Perspectives......Page 324 Social Implications of Biometric Technologies......Page 329 Conclusions......Page 330 Biographical Sketch......Page 331 Background: Power and Knowledge......Page 332 Biopower......Page 334 Biographical Sketch......Page 336 Definition and Historical Roots......Page 337 Contemporary Biotechnology......Page 338 Goals......Page 340 Ethical Issues: Failures......Page 341 Ethical Issues: Successes......Page 342 Further Reading......Page 344 Biographical Sketch......Page 345 Introduction......Page 346 Biological Weapons History......Page 347 Dual-Use Research......Page 349 Public Health Response......Page 350 Ethical Issues Facing Health Care Workers......Page 351 Relevant Websites......Page 352 Biographical Sketch......Page 353 Introduction......Page 354 How Many?......Page 355 Prioritizing Asylum Claims......Page 358 Adjudicating Asylum Claims......Page 359 Biographical Sketch......Page 360 The Harvard Committee’s Proposal and Its Historical Framework......Page 361 The Cortical Death Theory: A Remedy for the Medical Inconsistence of the BD Definition?......Page 363 The Defense of the Traditional Definition of Death......Page 364 BD as a Biopolitical Event......Page 365 The Present Status of the Debate on the Definition of Death......Page 366 Further Reading......Page 367 Biographical Sketch......Page 368 History......Page 369 Recent Technological Developments......Page 371 The Broadcast Journalist......Page 373 Further Reading......Page 374 Dharma......Page 375 Ethics in Early Buddhism......Page 376 Applied Ethics......Page 379 Biographical Sketch......Page 381 Large-Scale Urban Planning Infrastructure Projects and Utilitarian Ethics......Page 382 Rawls’s Theory of Justice and His Critique of Utilitarianism Justice......Page 384 Nozick’s Entitlement Theory of Justice, Kantian Ethics, and Urban Planning......Page 385 Rawls, Nozick, and Kantian Ethics......Page 387 Virtue Ethics and Professionalism in Urban Planning and Architecture......Page 388 Conclusion and a Brief Note on Environmental Ethics......Page 389 Relevant Websites......Page 390 Introduction......Page 391 Early Discussions of Gender in Business Ethics......Page 392 Gender Differences and the Difference That Gender Makes to Business......Page 393 Globalization and Implications for Gender......Page 394 Business Ethics and Gender Issues in a Global Context......Page 395 Biographical Sketch......Page 397 Ethical Foundations......Page 398 From Pleasure and Pain to the Quality of Life......Page 399 Some Problems......Page 400 Biographical Sketch......Page 401 Definition of Business Ethics......Page 402 Integrative Economic Business Ethics......Page 403 The Values of Business Corporations......Page 404 Application in the Fields of Business Ethics......Page 405 International Political and Legal Developments......Page 406 Corporate Morality: Integrity, Trust, and Legitimacy......Page 407 Further Reading......Page 408 Biographical Sketch......Page 409 Glossary......Page 410 Virtues and Free Markets......Page 411 Corporations and the Virtue of Business Leaders......Page 412 The Virtue and Vices of Consumers......Page 413 Can Corporations Be Virtuous?......Page 414 Conclusion: Virtue Ethics and the Current Business Environment......Page 415 Further Reading......Page 416 Biographical Sketch......Page 417 Glossary......Page 418 Religious versus Secular Argument......Page 419 The Right to Life......Page 420 Retributive Justifications......Page 421 Utilitarian Justifications......Page 422 See also......Page 425 Biographical Sketch......Page 426 The lsquoCare versus Justice’ Debate and Its Roots......Page 427 The Ethic(s) of Care: Criticism and Misunderstandings......Page 429 Theoretical Considerations......Page 430 Implications of a Care Perspective: The Health Care Setting as an Example......Page 431 Biographical Sketch......Page 433 The History of Casuistry......Page 434 Common Approaches to Casuistry: Jonsen, Strong, and Brody......Page 436 Contemporary Casuistry and Ethical Theory......Page 439 Casuistry and Practical Wisdom: Does Casuistry Always Require lsquoSomething More’?......Page 440 Casuistry and Professional Ethics......Page 441 Biographical Sketch......Page 442 Methods......Page 443 Pornography......Page 444 Public Good Defenses......Page 445 Further Reading......Page 446 Discovering Child Abuse......Page 447 Defining Child Abuse......Page 448 Sexual Abuse of Children by Priests of the Roman Catholic Church......Page 449 The Wrongs and Legacies of Child Abuse......Page 450 The Law’s Response Nationally and Internationally......Page 451 Predicting and Preventing Abuse......Page 452 Biographical Sketch......Page 453 Children’s Moral and Legal Standing......Page 454 Equal Rights......Page 455 Special Protections and Entitlements......Page 457 Questions About Rights Approaches......Page 458 See also......Page 459 Glossary......Page 460 Beginnings: The Lutheran Reformation......Page 461 John Calvin and the Reformed Tradition......Page 462 Pietism......Page 463 British Protestantism......Page 464 Protestant Liberalism......Page 466 Neo-Orthodoxy and Modern Protestant Theology......Page 467 Liberation Theology......Page 469 Further Reading......Page 470 Historical Overview of Catholic Moral Theology......Page 472 Vatican II, Humanae Vitae, Revisionism, and Renewal......Page 474 Fundamental Concepts in Moral Theology......Page 475 Issues in Moral Theology......Page 478 Further Reading......Page 480 Biographical Sketch......Page 481 Why Citizenship Is Important Today......Page 482 Elements of Citizenship......Page 484 Citizenship and the Nation-State......Page 486 Citizenship as Exclusion......Page 487 Further Reading......Page 488 Biographical Sketch......Page 489 The Nature of Civil Disobedience......Page 490 The Moral Justifiability of Civil Disobedience......Page 491 Biographical Sketch......Page 495 Targeting Civilian Populations in War......Page 496 Protecting Civilian Populations......Page 498 Further Reading......Page 502 Biographical Sketch......Page 503 Introduction......Page 504 The Scientific Basis of Climate Change......Page 505 Mitigation of Climate Change......Page 507 Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability of Climate Change......Page 509 See also......Page 511 Biographical Sketch......Page 512 Ethical Difficulties in Clinical Medicine......Page 513 Professional Ethos and Its Scopes......Page 515 Clinical Ethics as Applied Ethics......Page 517 Clinical Ethics Support in Health Care Settings......Page 518 Methods, Processes, and Usefulness......Page 520 Current Questions......Page 521 Further Reading......Page 523 Biographical Sketch......Page 524 Unnaturalness......Page 525 Against Dignity......Page 526 Copies......Page 527 Harms, Risks, and Research Ethics......Page 528 Reasons for Cloning......Page 529 Biographical Sketch......Page 530 Introduction......Page 531 Increased Use of Codes......Page 532 The Functions of Codes......Page 533 Theoretical Framework of Codes......Page 534 The Experience of Codes by Different Groups and Conclusions......Page 535 Relevant Website......Page 536 Collective Guilt and Moral Responsibility......Page 537 Collective Guilt and Moral Taint......Page 538 Collective Guilt in Existentialist Thought......Page 539 Collective Guilt and Contemporary Society......Page 541 Biographical Sketch......Page 542 What Is Communication Ethics?......Page 544 A Brief History......Page 546 Categories of Communication Ethics......Page 547 Current Challenges......Page 550 Further Reading......Page 551 Biographical Sketch......Page 552 Major Varieties of Communitarianism......Page 553 Responsive Communitarianism: Elements and Applications......Page 555 Biographical Sketch......Page 558 Challenge to the Traditional Model of Informed Consent......Page 559 Defining Community......Page 561 Community Involvement in the Informed Consent Process......Page 562 Debate on lsquoCommunity Consent’......Page 563 Tensions in the Informed Consent Process in Communities with Non-Western Culture......Page 564 Further Reading......Page 565 Biographical Sketch......Page 566 Introduction......Page 567 Ethical Justifications......Page 568 CAM: Application to Traditional Principle Ethical Concepts......Page 569 Ethical Duty to Refer to Medical Doctor......Page 571 Professional Ethics for CAM Practitioners: Current Situation......Page 572 Further Reading......Page 573 Biographical Sketch......Page 574 Characteristics of Information and Communication Technology......Page 575 Ethical Foundations of Computer and Information Ethics......Page 576 Methodological Approaches......Page 577 Main Fields......Page 578 Further Reading......Page 582 Biographical Sketch......Page 583 Introduction......Page 584 Obligations to Study Subjects and Patients......Page 585 Understanding the Types of Security Risks......Page 586 Sharing of Biomarker Data for Research......Page 588 Biographical Sketch......Page 589 Key Concepts: Privacy, Confidentiality, and Privileged Communication......Page 590 Conceptual Perspectives on Privacy and Confidentiality......Page 591 Preventing Moral Harm: Protecting Confidentiality and Managing Risk......Page 593 Relevant Websites......Page 597 Biographical Sketch......Page 598 The Meaning of Confidentiality......Page 599 Practical Issues in Ensuring Confidentiality......Page 601 Challenges to Confidentiality......Page 603 Circumstances in Which a Breach of Confidentiality May be Justified......Page 605 Relevant Websites......Page 606 Biographical Sketch......Page 607 What is Conflict of Interest?......Page 608 What is Wrong with Conflict of Interest?......Page 610 What Can Be Done About Conflict of Interest?......Page 611 History of Conflict of Interest......Page 613 Biographical Sketch......Page 614 The Place of Qing in Confucian Ethics......Page 615 The Concept of Qing in Ancient Chinese Thought......Page 616 The Value and Limitation of Qing......Page 618 Qing and Virtue in Confucianism......Page 619 Qing and Moral Codes......Page 620 Implications for the Nature and Practice of Morality......Page 621 Conclusions......Page 622 Biographical Sketches......Page 623 Body, Identity, and Disability......Page 624 Separation......Page 625 Exploitation......Page 629 Biographical Sketch......Page 630 Introduction......Page 631 The Right to Freedom of Conscience......Page 632 Conscience as a Basis for Excuse or a Plea for Mercy......Page 635 Further Reading......Page 637 Biographical Sketches......Page 638 Introduction......Page 639 Consequentialism......Page 640 Deontology......Page 645 Further Reading......Page 650 Mass Markets......Page 651 A Right to Value for Money......Page 652 The Right to Free Choice in Competitive Markets......Page 653 A Right to Information in Open Markets......Page 654 A Right to Fair, Accurate Advertising......Page 655 A Right to Government Regulations......Page 657 Biographical Sketch......Page 658 Glossary......Page 659 The Sources of Contractarian Ethics......Page 660 Contemporary Contractarian Ethics......Page 662 Biographical Sketch......Page 665 Glossary......Page 666 The Ethics of Corporate Communication......Page 667 lsquoDoing Well by Doing Good’......Page 669 The Politicization of Corporate Reputations......Page 670 Biographical Sketch......Page 672 Glossary......Page 673 The Shareholder Model of Corporate Governance......Page 674 The Role of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer......Page 678 Problems with the Shareholder Model......Page 680 Biographical Sketch......Page 681 What Does Corporate Responsibility Mean?......Page 682 Challenges and Unresolved Issues......Page 683 A Historical Perspective......Page 684 Activist Stakeholders: Ethical Consumers, Environmentalists, Ethical Investors, Cause-Driven......Page 689 CR Expectation Standard Setters, Rating, and Audit......Page 690 Relevant Websites......Page 691 Biographical Sketch......Page 692 Corporate Ethics Programs......Page 693 For and against Corporate Ethics Programs......Page 694 The Design of Corporate Ethics Programs......Page 697 Biographical Sketch......Page 703 Cosmetic Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Cosmetic Medicine......Page 704 International Differences......Page 705 Ethics......Page 706 Regulation......Page 709 Biographical Sketch......Page 710 Glossary......Page 711 Political Cosmopolitanism......Page 712 Ethical Cosmopolitanism......Page 714 Further Reading......Page 718 Biographical Sketch......Page 719 Liberalism and the Criminal Law......Page 720 Why Society Needs a Criminal Law......Page 721 Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Defenses......Page 725 Biographical Sketch......Page 727 Introduction......Page 728 Adoption......Page 731 Custody Planning for Terminally Ill Parents......Page 733 Conclusions......Page 734 Biographical Sketch......Page 735 Medicine......Page 736 Brain-Computer Interfaces......Page 738 Other......Page 739 Further Reading......Page 740 Biographical Sketch......Page 741 Introduction......Page 742 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution......Page 743 Darwinism after Darwin: From Darwin to Modern Biology......Page 745 Darwinism and Humanities......Page 747 Biographical Sketch......Page 750 Introduction......Page 751 The Origins and Content of the Modern Standards......Page 752 Challenges to the Prevailing Standards......Page 755 Biographical Sketch......Page 758 Philosophical Requirements for a Definition of Death......Page 760 The Concept, Criteria, and Tests for Death......Page 761 Roots of Confusion......Page 763 The Case for a Plurality of Death Concepts......Page 764 Confusion between the Diagnosis of Death and Criteria for Organ Transplantation......Page 766 Biographical Sketch......Page 767 Attitudes toward Death......Page 768 Religious Conceptions of Death......Page 769 Critiques of Religious Conceptions......Page 770 Secular Attitudes......Page 771 Death and the Clinician......Page 772 Biographical Sketch......Page 774 The Basic Tenets of Deep Ecology......Page 775 The Philosophy of Deep Ecology......Page 777 Deep Ecology and Social Change......Page 779 Further Reading......Page 780 Biographical Sketch......Page 781 Introduction......Page 782 Elements of Criminal Offenses......Page 783 Criminal Defenses......Page 785 The Rationale of Criminal Defenses......Page 787 Should New Defenses Be Accepted?......Page 788 Biographical Sketch......Page 790 Problems in Democratic Theory......Page 791 Skeptical Arguments for Democracy......Page 792 Epistemic Theories of Democracy......Page 793 Deliberative Theories of Democracy......Page 794 Democracy and Rights......Page 795 Representation vs. Direct Democracy......Page 796 Democracy and Applied Ethics......Page 797 Biographical Sketch......Page 798 The Discipline of Dental Ethics......Page 799 Independent Medical Speciality......Page 800 The Shift to Elective and Cosmetic Interventions......Page 801 The Conflict Between Profession and Business......Page 803 Warranting Patients’ Trust......Page 804 Availability of and Access to Basic Oral Healthcare......Page 805 Biographical Sketch......Page 807 Controversial Perinatal HIV Prevention Trials......Page 808 Placebo Control Groups......Page 809 Exploitation......Page 810 Informed Consent......Page 811 Drug Development and Intellectual Property......Page 812 Environmental Ethics......Page 813 Relevant Websites......Page 814 Biographical Sketch......Page 815 What is Development? The Dominant Paradigm......Page 816 Questioning the Dominant Paradigm......Page 817 Philosophical Exploration......Page 818 International Development Issues......Page 821 Biographical Sketch......Page 825 Conventional Approaches to Development......Page 826 Environmental Ethics......Page 827 Areas of Conflict......Page 828 Attempts to Integrate the Two Sets of Values......Page 830 Reasons for Integration......Page 832 Global Issues......Page 834 The Evaluative Nature of Development......Page 835 Biographical Sketch......Page 836 Introduction......Page 837 Historical Notes......Page 838 Human Dignity......Page 839 A Reconstruction of the Concept of Dignity......Page 840 Dignity in the Healthcare Context......Page 842 Biographical Sketch......Page 843 Introduction......Page 844 Why Do Definitions of Disability Differ between Legal and General Social Contexts?......Page 845 Contributions of the Disability Studies Field to the Legal Definition......Page 846 Locating Definitions of Disability in the Law......Page 848 See also......Page 852 Biographical Sketch......Page 853 The History and Nature of Disaster Relief......Page 854 Ethics and Disaster Relief......Page 855 Government and the Ethics of Disaster Relief......Page 857 Public Policy and Disaster Planning......Page 858 Disaster Victims, Disadvantage, and Risk......Page 860 Further Reading......Page 861 Biographical Sketch......Page 862 Justification of Norms......Page 863 Application......Page 867 Further Reading......Page 868 Biographical Sketch......Page 869 The Rationality of Classification......Page 870 lsquoDiscrete and Insular Minorities’......Page 872 Anti-Classification versus Anti-Subordination......Page 874 Normative Theories: What Makes Discrimination Wrong?......Page 875 Conclusion......Page 877 Biographical Sketch......Page 878 Introduction......Page 879 Rawls......Page 880 Nozick......Page 882 Welfare-Based Theories of Distribution......Page 885 The Capabilities Approach......Page 886 Biographical Sketch......Page 887 Marriage......Page 888 Divorce......Page 889 Just Allocations......Page 890 Ideal Divorce......Page 891 Fault......Page 893 Biographical Sketch......Page 895 Morally Relevant Facts......Page 896 Ethical Aspects of Do Not Resuscitate......Page 898 See also......Page 901 Biographical Sketch......Page 902 Ethics of Drug Use......Page 903 Ethics Associated with State Response to Drug Use......Page 908 Ethics Concerning Empirical Issues Surrounding Drug Use and State Response to It......Page 910 Relevant Websites......Page 911 Biographical Sketch......Page 912 Introduction......Page 913 Public Perception of Risk......Page 914 Public Perception of Scientists Engaged in Defense-Related Research......Page 916 The Ethics of Defense-Related Dual-Use Medical Research......Page 917 Addressing Concerns Regarding Dual-Use Research......Page 918 Further Reading......Page 919 Biographical Sketch......Page 920 Cover......Page 921 Encyclopedia Of Applied Ethics Second Edition......Page 922 Copyright......Page 925 Editor-In-Chief......Page 926 Section Editors......Page 928 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 932 Contributors To Volume 4......Page 934 Preface......Page 946 Contents......Page 948 Introduction......Page 958 Historical Conspectus......Page 959 The Concept of Balance in Ecological Theory......Page 961 Humans and Ecological Balance......Page 966 Ecological Balance and Nature Conservation......Page 967 See also......Page 968 Further Reading......Page 969 Economic Ethics as an Ethics of the Economy......Page 970 Historical Overview......Page 971 Theoretical Approaches in Economic Ethics......Page 972 Economic Ethics as an Ethics with Economic Means......Page 974 Biographical Sketch......Page 975 Economic Globalization......Page 977 Dichotomization of Ethico-Political and Economic Rights......Page 978 The Unifying Principle of the United Nations Declaration of Rights......Page 979 The Problem of Enforcement of Noncapitalist Economic and Ethico-Political Rights......Page 980 Bridging Economic and Ethico-Poltical Rights: Possibilities and Conflicts......Page 981 Economic Absolutism versus Ethico-Political Rights......Page 982 Biographical Sketch......Page 984 The Issue of Social Capital......Page 985 Requirements of Trust Relevant to Economic Relationships......Page 986 Pathologies of Distrust in Troubled Economies......Page 989 Biographical Sketch......Page 991 Development of the Artificial Womb......Page 992 Ectogenic Research on the Human Fetus: Ethical Concerns......Page 993 Ectogenesis and Applied Ethics......Page 995 Biographical Sketch......Page 998 Moral Education in the Schools......Page 999 The Beginnings of the Service-Learning Movement......Page 1000 Making the Case for Civic Engagement......Page 1002 Defining Civic Engagement......Page 1003 Public Achievement, a Model Civic Engagement Program for Young People......Page 1005 Biographical Sketch......Page 1006 Substantive versus Tautological Psychological Egoism......Page 1008 Ethical Incompatibility with Psychological Egoism......Page 1009 Egoism and Morality......Page 1010 Conclusion......Page 1011 Biographical Sketch......Page 1012 How Social Attitudes Set the Stage for Applied Ethics......Page 1013 Social Attitudes that Affect Thinking about Elderly People and Aging......Page 1015 Methodological Issues......Page 1016 Applied Ethics Agendas......Page 1018 Biographical Sketch......Page 1019 Fund-Raising and Contributions......Page 1020 Opposition Research......Page 1025 Advertisements......Page 1026 Platforms and Promises......Page 1027 Biographical Sketch......Page 1028 The New Surveillance......Page 1029 Ethics......Page 1030 Uses of Surveillance Data......Page 1035 Biographical Sketches......Page 1037 What Is Embryology?......Page 1038 What Is the Connection between Embryology and Applied Ethics?......Page 1039 See also......Page 1043 Biographical Sketch......Page 1044 Introduction......Page 1045 The Optimization Approach to Regulation and Compliance......Page 1046 Institutional Models for Regulatory Presence......Page 1048 Beyond Optimization......Page 1049 Voluntary Standards......Page 1050 Regulatory Reform and Regulatory Impact Assessment......Page 1051 See also......Page 1052 Biographical Sketch ......Page 1053 Is Preferenc __The Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, Second Edition__The work is an all-encompassing reference providing a comprehensive and definitive review of the field. A broad and inclusive table of contents ensures detailed investigation of historical and theoretical material as well as in-depth analysis of current issues. Several disciplines may be involved in applied ethics: one branch of applied ethics, for example, bioethics, is commonly explicated in terms of ethical, legal, social, and philosophical issues. Editor-in-Chief Ruth Chadwick has put together a group of leading contributors ranging from philosophers to practitioners in the particular fields in question, to academics from disciplines such as law and economics.The 376 chapters are divided into 4 volumes, each chapter falling into a subject category including Applied Ethics; Bioethics; Computers and Information Management; Economics/Business; Environmental Ethics; Ethics and Politics; Legal; Medical Ethics; Philosophy/Theories; Social; and Social/Media.Concise entries (ten pages on average) provide foundational knowledge of the fieldEach article will features suggested readings pointing readers to additional sources for more information, a list of related websites, a 5-10 word glossary and a definition paragraph, and cross-references to related articles in the encyclopediaNewly expanded editorial board and a host of international contributors from the US, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and the United KingdomThe 376 chapters are divided into 4 volumes, each chapter falling into a subject category including Applied Ethics; Bioethics; Computers and Information Management; Economics/Business; Environmental Ethics; Ethics and Politics; Legal; Medical Ethics; Philosophy/Theories; Social; and Social/Media