The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s

"Chronicling the emergence of an international society in the 1920s, Daniel Gorman describes how the shock of the First World War gave rise to a broad array of overlapping initiatives in international cooperation. Though national rivalries continued to plague world politics, ordinary citizens and state officials found common causes in politics, religion, culture and sport with peers beyond their borders. The League of Nations, the turn to a less centralized British Empire, the beginning of an international ecumenical movement, international sporting events and audacious plans for the abolition of war all signaled internationalism's growth. State actors played an important role in these developments and were aided by international voluntary organizations, church groups and international networks of academics, athletes, women, pacifists and humanitarian activists. These international networks became the forerunners of international NGOs and global governance"-- "Chronicling the emergence of an international society in the 1920s, Daniel Gorman describes how the shock of the First World War gave rise to a broad array of overlapping initiatives in international cooperation. Though national rivalries continued to plague world politics, ordinary citizens and state officials found common causes in politics, religion, culture, and sport with peers beyond their borders. The League of Nations, the turn to a less centralized British Empire, the beginning of an international ecumenical movement, international sporting events, and audacious plans for the abolition of war all signaled internationalism's growth. State actors played an important role in these developments and were aided by international voluntary organizations, church groups, and international networks of academics, athletes, women, pacifists, and humanitarian activists. These international networks became the forerunners of international NGOs and global governance"-- Cover ......Page 1 The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Tables......Page 10 Acknowledgements ......Page 11 Abbreviations ......Page 13 Introduction......Page 15 Section I: IMPERIAL INTERNATIONALISM......Page 33 1The Dominions and Britain in the 1920s......Page 35 The High Commissioner’s Office......Page 38 Who Speaks for Canada?......Page 45 The Dominions as International Actors......Page 47 The Dominions in Geneva......Page 48 Collective Imperial Decision Making......Page 56 Locarno......Page 60 Conclusion......Page 63 2 Servants of the World......Page 66 The League of Nations as a Site of International Governance......Page 69 Rachel Crowdy and International Civil Service......Page 74 The League’s Social and Humanitarian Work......Page 79 The Campaign Against the Traffic in Women and Children......Page 83 3 Moral Politics at the League of Nations and Its Imperial Ramifications......Page 96 The Perils of Legislating International Morality......Page 103 International Gender Politics......Page 105 The British Empire and the Anti-trafficking Campaign......Page 109 Conclusion......Page 120 4 Conflict and Travail, Bitterness and Tears: Overseas Indians' Failed Campaign for Imperial Citizenship......Page 123 The Indian Imperial Diaspora......Page 126 Contested Imperial Citizenship: Settler–Indian Conflict in East Africa......Page 128 The Humanitarian Lobby and Indigenous Rights......Page 144 The Devonshire Declaration and Its Aftermath......Page 148 East Indian Rights at the League of Nations......Page 151 Imperial Ramifications of the East Africa Indians’ Citizenship Controversy......Page 154 5 The Empire at Play, the Empire on Display: The 1911 Festival of Empire and the 1930 British Empire Games......Page 163 The Festival of Empire, 1911......Page 164 The British Empire Games, 1930......Page 169 The Supporters......Page 172 The Participants......Page 174 Overlapping Ideals: Amateurism, Internationalism, and Imperialism......Page 178 Conclusion......Page 185 Section II: TRANS-ATLANTIC INTERNATIONALISM......Page 187 6 Anglo-American Conceptions of International Society in the 1920s......Page 189 “Creating” International Affairs: Arnold Toynbee......Page 190 Cooperation Without Entanglement – American Internationalism in the 1920s......Page 194 The League of Nations Non-Partisan Association......Page 201 The CEIP and International Law......Page 208 The World Court......Page 213 Internationalism’s Limits: Intellectual Cooperation......Page 217 Lola Maverick Lloyd, Rosika Schwimmer, and Radical U.S. Internationalism......Page 222 Conclusion......Page 224 7 Little More than a Hope?: The World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches......Page 227 The Origins of the World War: Anglo-German Cooperation for Peace......Page 229 The Constance Conference, 1914......Page 235 The World Alliance and the First World War......Page 237 The World Alliance Reorganizes after the First World War......Page 240 The National Councils......Page 246 The World Alliance’s Outreach Work......Page 253 International Friendship......Page 256 Peace and Regional Reconciliation......Page 258 League of Nations Support......Page 261 Minorities and Refugees......Page 263 Disarmament and Outlawry......Page 267 Conclusion......Page 269 8 Internationalism by Decree: Outlawry of War and the Kellogg-Briand Pact......Page 273 ARTICLE II......Page 275 The Idea of Outlawry......Page 276 The Intellectual Genesis of Outlawry......Page 278 Philip Kerr’s Ideas on Outlawry and International Law......Page 281 The Kellogg-Briand Treaty......Page 288 Negotiating the Kellogg-Briand Pact......Page 291 9 British and American Responses to the Kellogg-Briand Pact......Page 299 Anglo-American Responses to the Peace Pact......Page 303 The Pact’s Implications: Real and Imagined......Page 309 Naval Implications......Page 310 The Pact’s Relationship with the League of Nations......Page 313 Anglo-American Union......Page 316 Kerr Campaigns for the Pact......Page 317 Conclusion......Page 320 Conclusion......Page 323 Archival Sources......Page 335 Printed Sources......Page 336 Newspapers and Periodicals......Page 337 Contemporary Sources: Books, Pamphlets, Letters, Memoirs, etc.......Page 338 Secondary Sources......Page 343 Index......Page 367 Cover 1 The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Tables 10 Acknowledgements 11 Abbreviations 13 Introduction 15 Section I: IMPERIAL INTERNATIONALISM 33 1The Dominions and Britain in the 1920s 35 The High Commissioner’s Office 38 Who Speaks for Canada? 45 The Dominions as International Actors 47 The Dominions in Geneva 48 Collective Imperial Decision Making 56 Locarno 60 Conclusion 63 2 Servants of the World 66 The League of Nations as a Site of International Governance 69 Rachel Crowdy and International Civil Service 74 The League’s Social and Humanitarian Work 79 The Campaign Against the Traffic in Women and Children 83 3 Moral Politics at the League of Nations and Its Imperial Ramifications 96 The Perils of Legislating International Morality 103 International Gender Politics 105 The British Empire and the Anti-trafficking Campaign 109 Conclusion 120 4 Conflict and Travail, Bitterness and Tears: Overseas Indians' Failed Campaign for Imperial Citizenship 123 The Indian Imperial Diaspora 126 Contested Imperial Citizenship: Settler–Indian Conflict in East Africa 128 The Humanitarian Lobby and Indigenous Rights 144 The Devonshire Declaration and Its Aftermath 148 East Indian Rights at the League of Nations 151 Imperial Ramifications of the East Africa Indians’ Citizenship Controversy 154 5 The Empire at Play, the Empire on Display: The 1911 Festival of Empire and the 1930 British Empire Games 163 The Festival of Empire, 1911 164 The British Empire Games, 1930 169 The Supporters 172 The Participants 174 Overlapping Ideals: Amateurism, Internationalism, and Imperialism 178 Conclusion 185 Section II: TRANS-ATLANTIC INTERNATIONALISM 187 6 Anglo-American Conceptions of International Society in the 1920s 189 “Creating” International Affairs: Arnold Toynbee 190 Cooperation Without Entanglement – American Internationalism in the 1920s 194 The League of Nations Non-Partisan Association 201 The CEIP and International Law 208 The World Court 213 Internationalism’s Limits: Intellectual Cooperation 217 Lola Maverick Lloyd, Rosika Schwimmer, and Radical U.S. Internationalism 222 Conclusion 224 7 Little More than a Hope?: The World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches 227 The Origins of the World War: Anglo-German Cooperation for Peace 229 The Constance Conference, 1914 235 The World Alliance and the First World War 237 The World Alliance Reorganizes after the First World War 240 The National Councils 246 The World Alliance’s Outreach Work 253 The World Alliance’s International Political Work in the 1920s 256 International Friendship 256 Peace and Regional Reconciliation 258 League of Nations Support 261 Minorities and Refugees 263 Disarmament and Outlawry 267 Conclusion 269 8 Internationalism by Decree: Outlawry of War and the Kellogg-Briand Pact 273 ARTICLE I 275 ARTICLE II 275 The Idea of Outlawry 276 The Intellectual Genesis of Outlawry 278 Philip Kerr’s Ideas on Outlawry and International Law 281 The Kellogg-Briand Treaty 288 Negotiating the Kellogg-Briand Pact 291 9 British and American Responses to the Kellogg-Briand Pact 299 Anglo-American Responses to the Peace Pact 303 The Pact’s Implications: Real and Imagined 309 Federalism 310 Naval Implications 310 The Pact’s Relationship with the League of Nations 313 Anglo-American Union 316 Kerr Campaigns for the Pact 317 Conclusion 320 Conclusion 323 Bibliography 335 Archival Sources 335 Printed Sources 336 Newspapers and Periodicals 337 Reference Sources 338 Contemporary Sources: Books, Pamphlets, Letters, Memoirs, etc. 338 Ph.D. Dissertations 343 Secondary Sources 343 Index 367

Chronicling the emergence of an international society in the 1920s, Daniel Gorman describes how the shock of the First World War gave rise to a broad array of overlapping initiatives in international cooperation. Though national rivalries continued to plague world politics, ordinary citizens and state officials found common causes in politics, religion, culture, and sport with peers beyond their borders. The League of Nations, the turn to a less centralized British Empire, the beginning of an international ecumenical movement, international sporting events, and audacious plans for the abolition of war all signaled internationalism's growth. State actors played an important role in these developments and were aided by international voluntary organizations, church groups, and international networks of academics, athletes, women, pacifists, and humanitarian activists. These international networks became the forerunners of international NGOs and global governance.

Machine generated contents note: Part I. Imperial Internationalism: 1. The dominions and Britain in the 1920s; 2. Servants of the world: Rachel Crowdy at the League of Nations; 3. Moral politics at the League of Nations and its imperial ramifications; 4. Conflict and travail, bitterness and tears: overseas Indians' failed campaign for imperial citizenship; 5. The empire at play, the empire on display: the 1911 Festival of Empire and the 1930 British Empire Games; Part II. Transatlantic Internationalism: 6. Anglo-American conceptions of 'international society' in the 1920s; 7. Little more than a hope? The world alliance for promoting international friendship through the churches; 8. Internationalism by decree: outlawry of war and the Kellogg-Briand Pact; 9. British and American responses to the Kellogg-Briand Pact.