THE EMERGENCE OF GRAMMARS: A CLOSER LOOK AT DIALECTS BETWEEN PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOSYNTAX

"What is a grammar? What types of grammar are possible in natural languages? Why and to what extent do grammatical properties vary from one language to another? This book gathers ten original contributions on the phonology and morphosyntax of various languages, which, from several complementary angles, contribute to the general debate on the genesis and structure of grammars. Their common thread is the logical relationship between general theory and particular grammar(s). Basing their reflections on the careful study of various empirical materials (from Lithuanian, Gothic, Sanskrit, Nakanai, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, Finnic languages, Atlantic Languages, Proto-Western Arabic and Maltese, to Occitan, Medieval French, Medieval and Modern Italo-Romance), the general and common angle to these contributions is to describe and model variation in grammar. The contributions help to show how grammar is structured at different levels of linguistic analysis and how syntactic, morphological and phonological theories are mutually enriched by work carried out at their interface. The book, which combines theoretical linguistics with a great concern for detailed description, is intended for all general linguists interested in phonology, morphology, syntax and typological variation"-- Provided by publisher THE EMERGENCE OF GRAMMARSA CLOSER LOOK ATDIALECTS BETWEEN PHONOLOGYAND MORPHOSYNTAX THE EMERGENCE OF GRAMMARSA CLOSER LOOK ATDIALECTS BETWEEN PHONOLOGYAND MORPHOSYNTAX CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 1THE SECONDARY LOCATIVE CASESIN THE LITHUANIAN DIALECT OF ZIETELA ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE LITHUANIANDIALECT OF ZIETELA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CASES IN LITHUANIAN SECONDARY CASES IN THE DIALECT OF ZIETELA LOCATIVE PREPOSITIONS IN THE DIALECT OF ZIETELA SYNTHETIC CASES AND THEIR CONSTRAINTS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 2FIRST CONJUNCT AGREEMENT IS NOTAN ELLIPTICAL ILLUSION:A CASE OF PRENOMINAL ADJECTIVES ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES AGREEINGWITH THE CLOSEST CONJUNCT 3. ELLIPSIS AND FIRST CONJUNCT AGREEMENT 3.1. Semantic Plurality 3.2. Syntactic Plurality 3.3. Split/Joint Reference 3.4. Licensing Ellipsis 3.4.1. FCA with Multiple Adjectives 3.4.2. Gender-Number Mismatches 3.5. Nominal Ellipsis CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 3NULL SUBJECTS AND SUBJECT PRONOUNSIN DIACHRONY: EVIDENCE FROM TEXTUALSOURCES OF NORTHERN OCCITAN (VELAY) ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND: THE NULL SUBJECTPARAMETER IN OCCITAN LANGUAGE 1.1. Synchronic Descriptions 1.2. Diachronic Descriptions of Subject Pronouns 2. NULL SUBJECT AND SUBJECT PRONOUNSIN MODERN DIALECTS OF VELAY 3. NULL SUBJECT AND SUBJECT PRONOUNS:DIACHRONIC EVIDENCE FROM THE CORPUSOF OCCITAN TEXTS OF VELAY 3.1. Binary or Gradual Parameterization? 3.2. Morphosyntax and Prosodic Status of Subject Pronouns 3.3. Subject Pronouns and Word Order CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 4ACCOUNTING FOR THE DEFINITE ARTICLESIN MEDIEVAL ITALIAN AND MODERNDIALECTS. NO ALLOMORPHY -A COMMON UR ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION. THERE IS NO ALLOMORPHYIN THE ITALO-ROMANCE DEFINITE ARTICLES 2. PHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS IN ITALIAN ARTICLES 2.1. Why No Allomorphy? 2.2. (Underlying) Bisyllabic Articles in Medieval Italianand Modern Dialects 2.3. Extended Bisyllabic Forms before Vowel-Initial Stems 3. THE ‘EXTENDED’ MEDIEVAL VARIANTSAND PADOVAN VARIANT The same single bisyllabic UR has fully overt reflexes in some 4. THE EXTENDED BISYLLABIC NEAPOLITAN VARIANTAND THE REPRESENTATION OF (IN)DEFINITENESS 4.1. The Procidano and Ischitano Articles Variants.Hardening and Rhoticisation of the Extended Bisyllabic /ll/ CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 5EMERGENCE OF MALTESEMORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL PROFILES ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE ARABIC HERITAGE 3. SYLLABIC STRUCTURE AND STRESS 3.1. The Segmental Cycle in Maltese Phonology 3.2. Theoretical Assumptions 3.3. Templatic Stems 3.3.1. Syllabic Constituency 3.3.2. Trochaic Minimality 3.3.3. Stem Vowel Syncope 3.3.4. Lexical and Word Strata 3.3.5. Stem-Syllabic Alternations at the Lexical Stratum 3.3.5.1. C-Final Templatic Stems 3.3.5.2. V-Final Templatic Stems 3.3.6. Stress Assignment 3.4. Non-Templatic Stems 3.4.1. Patterns of Incorporation as Templatic Stems 3.4.2. Paroxytone Stems 3.4.3. Proparoxytone Stems 3.4.4. Geminate-Initial Stems 3.5. Conclusion 4. LOSS OF EMPHATIC CONSONANTSIN MEDIEVAL MALTESE 4.1. Compensatory Effects 5. LOSS OF GUTTURALS IN MODERN MALTESE 5.1. Description of Gutturals by A. De Soldanis 5.2. Description of Gutturals by Vassalli 5.2.1. Minimal Pairs 5.2.2. Dialectal Variation in Pre-Modern Maltese 5.2.3. Allophonic Variation in Gutturals 5.3. Gutturals in Modern Maltese 5.3.1. Bonelli: Archivio Glottologico Italiano 5.3.2. Stumme Maltesische Studien 5.3.2.1. Dialectal Variants of q 5.3.2.2. Reflexes of h 5.3.3. Pharyngeal Sonorant З and Pharyngealized Vowels 5.4. Comparison with Tunisian Arabic 5.5. Pharyngealization in the 20th Century 5.5.1. Modern Dialectal Pharyngealized Vowels 5.5.2. Gutturals in Contemporary Maltese 5.6. Phonological Interpretation of Orthographic H and Għ 5.6.1. Orthographic h 5.6.2. Digraph għ 5.6.2.1. Għ Adjacent to a (Mid)Low Vowel 5.6.2.2. għ Adjacent to an Underlying High Vowel 5.6.2.3. Digraph għ Followed by h-Suffix 5.6.3. Predictive Phonology CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 6SONORITY AND REDUPLICATION:AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE SONORITYCONDITION TO A TEMPLATIC CONDITION ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION1 2. THE SONORITY CONDITION 2.1. Reduplication and Templates 2.2. Reduplication and the Sonority of Consonants 2.3. Reduplications and the Sonority of Vowels 3. THE FORMALIZATION OF SONORITY 3.1. Sonority and Complexity 3.2. Sonority and Assimilation 3.3. Sonority and Branchingness 4. DERIVING THE SONORITY CONDITIONFROM BRANCHINGNESS 4.1. ‘Large’ Reduplicative Templates 4.2. ‘Small’ Reduplicative Templates CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 7REPETITIONS, RESTS INSERTIONAND SCHWA IN 16TH CENTURY FRENCHPOLYPHONY: AN EMERGENTSUB-GRAMMAR IN FRESNEAU’S SONGS? ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Fresneau and His Work 1.2. Main Corpus and Control Corpora 1.3. Reading and Interpreting Sources 2. BACKGROUND: PROSODY, METRICS AND MUSIC 2.1. What Is Textsetting? 2.2. The Textual Module 2.2.1. Linguistic Representation: Phonological Phrasing and Schwa 2.2.2. Metrical Representation: Patterns and Association Rules 2.3. Music’s Grouping Structure 3. CONSTITUENTS MATCHINGIN STANZAIC DIASYSTEMIC GRAMMAR 3.1. Musical Repetitions over the Stanza 3.2. Matching Groups While Text Changes 3.3. Deriving the Metrified Form of the Text 3.4. The Status of the String of Notes Matchedwith a Metrical Constituent 4. FRESNEAU’S CONSTITUENTS MATCHING 4.1. Deriving Fresneau’s Metrified Form of the Text 4.2. Dealing with the -ə in the Derivation 4.3. Rest Insertion 5. PARTIAL TEXTSETTING GRAMMAR EMERGENCE 5.1. Dealing with Inferred Parameters in an OT Model 5.2. Emergence of Non-Predictable Constraint’s Ranking CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX: CORPORA’S COMPOSITION Main Corpus: Fresneau’s Songs Idiolectal Control Corpus Stanzaic Control Corpus Chapter 8LOCATIVE, PRESENTATIVEAND PROGRESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONSIN ATLANTIC LANGUAGES ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE ATLANTIC LANGUAGES 3. LOCATIVE, PRESENTATIVEAND PROGRESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 4. STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS 5. MARKERS OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS 6. ORIGIN OF THE CONSTRUCTION 6.1. A Genetic Inheritance 6.2. Grammaticalization and Reconstruction Hypotheses CONCLUSION REFERENCES Chapter 9PARADIGM FUNCTION MORPHOLOGYAPPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN FINNICDIALECT NETWORK ABSTRACT ABREVIATIONS Symbols 1. INTRODUCTION: METHODS AND GOALS 1.1. Methods 1.2. Goals 1.3. Theoretical Scope 2. THE PFM (PARADIGM FUNCTION MORPHOLOGY)FRAMEWORK APPLIED TO FINNIC DECLENSION 3. MODELING INFLECTIONAL CLASS SYSTEMSIN SOUTH EASTERN FINNIC LANGUAGES 4. MODELING THE PROCESSES FROM MPR 5. INTRICACY OF THE ITEM AND PROCESSMODEL PARAMETERS 6. NOMINAL AND ADJECTIVAL IC (DECLENSION)IN ÕS 2013: A LUMPING TAXONOMY FOR SE 7. DIASYSTEMIC IC SHIFTS, ACCORDINGTO A LUMPING TAXONOMY: SE VS. KIHNU CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS REFERENCES Chapter 10PLAUTDIETSCH: A REMARKABLE STORYOF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE ANDCHANGE ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MENNONITEMIGRATIONS AND CHANGES IN THEIR LANGUAGE USE 2.1. Mennonite Migrations 2.1.1. Mennonite Migrations in Europe and Former Russia 2.1.2. Historical Background of Mennonites in Kansas 2.1.3. Historical Background of Mennonites in Oklahoma 2.2. Social Changes in Mennonite Communities 2.3. Summary and Conclusion 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENTOF PLAUTDIETSCH 3.1. The Linguistic Situation in 16th Century Northern Europe 3.2. Phonetic and Phonological Changes in the Formation of PD 3.2.1. The Vowel System 3.3. Specifics of Language Shift in the Mennonite Low GermanVarieties 3.3.1. Vowel Shifts 3.3.2. /r/-Vocalization and Its Effects on PD Vowels and Consonants 3.4. Plautdietsch Morphology in the Developmental Stage 3.5. Lexical Changes in the Developmental Stage: Borrowingsfrom Contact Languages 3.6. The State of Plautdietsch Syntax in the Developmental Stage 3.7. Summary and Conclusion 4. A LINGUISTIC SKETCH OF PLAUTDIETSCHAS SPOKEN IN NORTH AMERICA TODAY 4.1. A Basic Comparison of the Consonant Systemsof Plautdietsch and Standard German 4.2. Features of the Plautdietsch Sound System as Realized inNorth American Varieties 4.2.1. Comparing Old Colony and European Plautdietsch 4.2.2. The Sounds of the PD Spoken in Kansas and Oklahoma Today 4.2.2.1. R-Vocalization 4.2.2.2. Rounded Front Vowels 4.2.2.3. Diphthongs and Triphthongs 4.2.3. Plautdietsch Morphology 4.2.4. Maintenance and Change in the Syntax of Plautdietsch 4.2.5. Periphrastic Do 4.2.6. The Role of English as the Dominant Language 4.2.7. Syntactic Variation and Innovation in North AmericanPlautdietsch CONCLUSION REFERENCES ABOUT THE EDITOR LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS INDEX Blank Page Blank Page "What is a grammar? What types of grammar are possible in natural languages? Why and to what extent do grammatical properties vary from one language to another? This book gathers ten original contributions on the phonology and morphosyntax of various languages, which, from several complementary angles, contribute to the general debate on the genesis and structure of grammars. Their common thread is the logical relationship between general theory and particular grammar(s). Basing their reflections on the careful study of various empirical materials (from Lithuanian, Gothic, Sanskrit, Nakanai, Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, Finnic languages, Atlantic Languages, Proto-Western Arabic and Maltese, to Occitan, Medieval French, Medieval and Modern Italo-Romance), the general and common angle to these contributions is to describe and model variation in grammar. The contributions help to show how grammar is structured at different levels of linguistic analysis and how syntactic, morphological and phonological theories are mutually enriched by work carried out at their interface. The book, which combines theoretical linguistics with a great concern for detailed description, is intended for all general linguists interested in phonology, morphology, syntax and typological variation"-- Résumé de l'éditeur