The Electrodynamics of Water and Ice (Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 124)

This book is a research monograph summarizing recent advances related to the molecular structure of water and ice, and it is based on the latest spectroscopic data available. A special focus is given to radio- and microwave frequency regions. Within the five interconnected chapters, the author reviews the electromagnetic waves interaction with water, ice, and moist substances, discussing the microscopic mechanisms behind the dielectric responses. Well-established classic views concerning the structure of water and ice are considered along with new approaches related to atomic and molecular dynamics. Particular attention is given to nanofluidics, atmospheric science, and electrochemistry. The mathematical apparatus, based on diverse approaches employed in condensed matter physics, is widely used and allows the reader to quantitatively describe the electrodynamic response of water and ice in both bulk and confined states. This book is intended for a wide audience covering physicists, electrochemists, geophysicists, engineers, biophysicists, and general scientists who work on the electromagnetic radiation interaction with water and moist substances. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents Acronyms Notation 1 A Historical Review of the Structures of Water and Ice 1.1 What is ``Structure'' for Liquid Water? 1.2 Bragg Scattering and Bernal–Fowler Water 1.2.1 Scattering of X-Rays by Liquid Water 1.2.2 X-Ray Crystallography of Ice 1.2.3 The Radial Distribution Function 1.3 Direct Current Conductivity and pH of Water 1.3.1 Electrical Conduction Mechanism 1.3.2 The Autoionization of Water 1.3.3 Pondus Hydrogenii (pH) 1.4 Self-diffusion by Isotopic Tracers 1.5 Diffusion by Neutron Scattering 1.6 Water in Molecular-Dynamic Simulations 1.6.1 Methods of Water Modeling 1.6.2 The Simulation of the Electrodynamic Parameters of Water and Ice 1.7 Summary of the ``Structure'' of Water and Ice References 2 The Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Water 2.1 Maxwell's Equations in the Presence of Water 2.2 The Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy of Water 2.3 Microwave Spectrum: Dielectric Relaxation 2.3.1 Experimental Data 2.3.2 Data Interpretation 2.3.3 Is Debye Relaxation a Unique Feature of Water? 2.4 The Static Dielectric Constant 2.4.1 Experimental Data 2.4.2 The Local-Field Approach 2.4.3 Intermolecular Polarization Approach 2.5 Infrared and Raman Spectra 2.6 The Terahertz Spectrum of Water 2.6.1 Between the Infrared and Dielectric Spectra 2.6.2 5 THz Oscillation Mode 2.6.3 Second Dielectric Relaxation (``Excess Wing'') 2.7 Heavy Water: H/D Isotope Effect 2.7.1 Dielectric Spectrum: Intermolecular Dynamics 2.7.2 Infrared Spectrum: Intramolecular Dynamics 2.8 The Conductivity Sum Rule References 3 The Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Ice 3.1 Dielectric-Terahertz Spectrum of Ice 3.2 The Temperature Dependence of Spectral Parameters 3.3 Ice Among Other Dielectrics 3.4 Similarities Between Water and Ice 3.5 Protonic Transport as a Fundamental Mechanism of the Dielectric Response of Ice and Water References 4 The Dielectric Properties and Dynamic Structure of Water and Ice 4.1 Problems of Describing the Dynamics of Water on the Basis of Hydrogen Bonds 4.2 A Phenomenological Model for the Broadband Dielectric Response 4.2.1 Microscopic Features of Self-diffusion 4.2.2 The Spectral Signature of the Excess Proton 4.2.3 The Ionic (Protonic) Model of Water 4.3 Comparison of the Ionic Model with Other Microscopic Models of Water 4.4 Instantaneous Structure of Water and Ice 4.5 The Microscopic Origin of the Electrodynamic Properties of Water and Ice 4.5.1 Dielectric Relaxation and DC Conductivity 4.5.2 How Microwave Ovens Work 4.5.3 The Dielectric Constant 4.5.4 The Second Relaxation and Terahertz Spectrum 4.5.5 Autoionization and pH 4.6 Concluding Remarks References 5 Electrodynamics of Aqueous Media 5.1 The Dielectric Response of Electrolyte Solutions 5.1.1 Why Electrolytes Conduct Electricity 5.1.2 The Frequency-Dependent Conductivity of Aqueous Electrolytes 5.1.3 The Mechanism of Dynamic Conductivity in Electrolytes 5.2 The Electrodynamics of Confined Water 5.3 Atmospheric Electrodynamics and Aqueous Interfaces 5.4 Kelvin Water Dropper: Converting Gravity to Electricity 5.5 Water in a Strong Electric Field 5.6 Water in Electrochemical Energy Systems References Appendix The Complex Dielectric Constant for Ice and Water Index