The Electric Car: Development and future of battery, hybrid and fuel-cell cars (Energy Engineering)

This book covers the development of electric cars, from their early days, to new hybrid models in production. Most of the coverage is focused on the very latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers working on electric cars, as well as the key business factors vital for the successful transfer of electric cars into the mass market Contents 6 Preface 10 Acknowledgements 12 Glossary 16 1 Introduction 18 2 The history of electric cars up to 1990 23 2.1 The early days 23 2.2 The first road vehicles 26 2.3 Competition for speed and reliability 28 2.4 Electric vehicles compete with steam and gasoline 32 2.5 The golden age 33 2.6 Cost problems for electric drive 36 2.7 The dark ages (1925-1960) 36 2.8 The modern era 37 2.8.1 The 1960s 37 2.8.2 The 1970s 41 2.8.3 The 1980s 42 General References 45 3 Propulsion methods 46 3.1 DC motors 46 3.1.1 Series-wound motors 48 3.1.2 Shunt-wound motors 50 3.1.3 Compound-wound motors 50 3.1.4 Separately excited motors 50 3.2 AC motors 51 3.2.1 Induction motors 52 3.2.2 Synchronous motors 54 3.2.3 The brushless DC motor 56 3.2.4 Switched reluctance motors 57 3.3 Motor cooling 60 3.4 Transmission systems 61 References 64 General References 64 4 Controls and power electronics 65 4.1 Electronic energy management 66 4.2 Power electronics 69 4.3 Power switching devices 71 4.3.1 The bipolar Darlington 72 4.3.2 The thyristor 73 4.3.3 The gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) 74 4.3.4 The MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) 75 4.3.5 The MOSFET 75 4.3.6 The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) 76 4.4 Semiconductor cooling 77 4.5 Capacitors 79 4.6 Current measurement 80 References 81 5 Energy sources 1 - Storage batteries 82 5.1 Lead-acid 86 5.2 Advanced lead-acid 87 5.3 Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) 88 5.4 Metal foil lead-acid 91 5.5 Nickel-iron 92 5.6 Nickel-zinc 93 5.7 Nickel-cadmium 94 5.8 Nickel-metal hydride 95 5.9 Sodium-sulphur 96 5.10 Sodium-nickel chloride 97 5.11 Lithium-iron sulphide 98 5.12 Lithium-solid polymer 99 5.13 Lithium-ion 100 5.14 Aluminium-air and zinc-air 101 5.15 Batteries for hybrid vehicles 102 5.16 Summary - storage batteries 103 References 103 6 Energy sources 2 - Other technologies 105 6.1 The supercapacitor 105 6.2 Fuel-cells 106 6.3 Solar cells 109 6.4 The flywheel 110 6.5 The hydraulic accumulator 113 6.6 Compressed-air storage 114 6.7 Thermal energy storage 114 6.8 Summary - non-battery energy sources 114 References 115 7 Charging 116 7.1 Early systems 116 7.2 Charging techniques for modern lead-acid batteries 118 7.3 Charging techniques for nickel-based batteries 122 7.4 Charging techniques for non-aqueous batteries 124 7.5 Battery state-of-charge measurement 124 7.6 Battery management 126 7.7 Connection methods 128 7.8 Battery exchange 132 7.9 Infrastructure implications 133 7.10 Recharging/refuelling of other power storage devices 135 References 136 8 Vehicle design and safety 138 8.1 Effect of battery weight and volume 138 8.2 Designing for minimum weight 139 8.3 Safety of batteries 140 8.4 Safety of alternative energy generating and storage systems 142 8.5 Battery disposal and recycling 143 8.6 Safety of other electrical systems 143 8.7 General design and safety issues 144 8.7.1 Heating and air-conditioning 144 8.7.2 Auxiliary power subsystem 145 8.7.3 Braking, suspension and wheel systems 145 8.7.4 Rolling resistance 146 References 148 9 Battery electric cars 149 9.1 Production electric cars 149 9.1.1 The General Motors EV1 151 9.1.2 The Ford Think City 154 9.1.3 The Nissan Hypermini 156 9.1.4 The Toyota RAV 4 EV 157 9.2 Prototype and experimental electric cars 158 10 Hybrid electric cars 159 10.1 Hybrid system configurations 160 10.2 All-electric hybrid vehicles 161 10.3 Electromechanical hybrid vehicles 162 10.4 Heat engine-electric hybrid vehicles 163 10.4.1 Series hybrids 164 10.4.2 Parallel hybrids 165 10.5 Hybrid concepts 168 10.6 Production hybrid cars 171 10.6.1 The Honda Insight 171 10.6.2 The Toyota Prius 173 10.6.3 The Nissan Tino 180 10.7 Prototype and experimental hybrid cars 180 References 181 General References 181 11 Fuel-cell electric cars 182 11.1 Hydrogen fuelling 182 11.2 Reforming 183 11.3 Infrastructure 186 11.4 Safety 187 11.5 Prototype and experimental fuel-cell electric cars 190 References 190 12 Economics of electric cars 191 12.1 Electric car cost comparisons 191 12.2 Cost of batteries and fuel-cells 193 12.3 Hybrid costs 194 12.4 Electricity supply and charging 195 12.5 Charging at home and away 196 12.6 Can the electric car compete economically? 196 References 197 13 Future developments 198 13.1 Propulsion methods 199 13.2 Energy sources 199 13.3 Controls and power electronics 203 13.4 Charging 204 13.5 Vehicle design and safety 206 13.6 Hybrid technology 207 13.7 The electric car of 2025 207 References 210 This Book Covers The Development Of Electric Cars -- From Their Early Days To New Hybrid Models In Production -- Together With The Very Latest Technological Issues Faced By Automotive Engineers Working On Electric Cars, As Well As The Key Business Factors Vital For The Successful Transfer Of Electric Cars Into The Mass Market. Considerable Work Has Gone Into Electric Car And Battery Development In The Last Ten Years With The Prospect Of Substantial Improvements In Range And Performance In Battery Cars As Well As In Hybrids And Those Using Fuel Cells. This Book Comprehensively Covers This Important Subject And Will Be Of Particular Interest To Engineers And Managers Working In The Automotive And Transport Industries. Introduction -- The History Of Electric Cars Up To 1990 -- Propulsion Methods -- Controls And Power Electronics -- Energy Sources 1: Storage Batteries -- Energy Sources 2: Other Technologies -- Charging -- Vehicle Design And Safety -- Battery Electric Cars -- Hybrid Electric Cars -- Fuel-cell Electric Cars -- Economics Of Electric Cars -- Future Developments. Michael H. Westbrook. Co-published By The Society Of Automotive Engineers. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.

This book covers the development of electric cars from their early days to pure electric, fuel-cell and new hybrid models in production. It covers the latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers working on electric cars, including charging, infrastructure, safety and costs, as well as making predictions about future developments and vehicle numbers. Considerable work has gone into electric car and battery development in the last ten years, with the prospect of substantial improvements in range and performance in battery cars as well as in hybrids and those using fuel cells. The book comprehensively covers this important subject and will be of particular interest to engineers working on electric vehicle design, development and use, as well as managers interested in the key business factors vital for the successful transfer of electric cars into the mass market.

From the Publisher : This book covers the development of electric cars from their early days to new hybrid models in production together with the very latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers working on electric cars, as well as the key business factors vital for the successful transfer of electric cars into the mass market. Considerable work has gone into electric car and battery development in the last ten years with the prospect of substantial improvements in range and performance in battery cars as well as in hybrids and those using fuel cells. This book comprehensively covers this important subject and will be of particular interest to engineers and managers working in the automotive and transport industries This book covers the development of electric cars, from their early days, to new hybrid models in production. Most of the coverage is focused on the very latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers working on electric cars, and the key business factors vital for the successful transfer of electric cars into the mass market.