The Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Philosophies

The Companion is organized into two sections, each one of which reflects the developments of the Anglo-American Analytic and the Continental European philosophical traditions respectively. An appendix presents the main accomplishments of non-Western philosophies in the same time frame. Each section discusses the main movements and fields of the discipline throughout the century. The authors have maintained a balance between the historian’s commitment to breadth and accuracy with the commitment of the systematic philosopher to the engaged point of view and to critical reflection. The result is a distinctive reference book made up of a series of philosophical studies -an invaluable companion to anyone who is searching for a panoramic but also reliable and challenging presentation of the philosophical ideas which shaped the last century. Contents 6 Preface 10 General Introduction 14 Technical Scientific Interest: Crises and Resolutions 17 Phenomenology 17 Logical Positivism 18 Hermeneutic Interest: Language as a Philosophical Problem 20 The ‘Analytic’ Agenda 20 The ‘Continental’ Agenda 22 Emancipatory Interest: Crisis in the grand Narratives 24 The dissipation of conceptual fog 25 Emancipation after the Grand Narratives 28 Foucault’s resistance 30 The politics of aporias 30 Nomadism 31 Gender, Race and Ethnicity 33 Notes 38 References 38 Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy 40 How to recognize Analytic Philosophy – Constantin V. Boundas 42 References 48 Kant and the Analytic Tradition – Robert Hanna 50 Introduction 50 A sketch of Kant’s Critical Philosophy 50 The Neo-Kantian Link 54 What is Analytic Philosophy? 55 Kant, Moore, and the Nature of Judgement 56 Kant, Russell, and Logicism 58 Kant, Wittgenstein, and the Tractatus 59 Kant, Carnap, and Logical Positivism 63 Kant, Quine, and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction 65 Kant, Strawson, and Transcendental Arguments 67 Kant, Scientific Naturalism, and the A Priori 69 Kant and the Fate of Analysis 70 Notes 71 References 73 Metaphysical and Moral Idealism – Leslie Armour 76 The principal players and movements 79 Idealism, Religion, and Science 83 Idealism, History, and Hegel 85 Science and Mathematical Idealism 86 Notes 87 References 87 Anglo-American Neo-Idealism – Nicholas Rescher 91 Notes 96 References 96 Ordinary Language Philosophy – Kelly Dean Jolley 98 Ordinary Language Philosophy As Logic 98 Ordinary Language Philosophy’s Anti-Psychologism 101 OLP as Phenomenology 102 OLP and Analytic Philosophy 103 Metaphilosophy and Therapy 104 G. E. Moore and OLP 106 Notes 106 References 107 Logical Positivism and the Vienna Circle – Bernard Hodgson 109 Historical Background 109 Radical Empiricism 110 Unity of Science 114 Problems for Positivism 115 The Pragmatist Shift 119 The Legacy of Logical Positivism 124 References 127 Naturalism – Peter Loptson 129 References 139 Pragmatism – Nicholas Rescher 141 Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) 143 William James (1842–1910) 144 John Dewey (1859–1952) 145 C. I. Lewis (1883–1964) 146 Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) 147 W. V. O. Quine (1908–2002) 148 Hilary Putnam (b. 1926) 149 Nicholas Rescher (1928– ) 150 Richard Rorty (b. 1931) 152 Notes 154 References 154 The Promise of Process Philosophy – Nicholas Rescher 156 1. Historical Background 156 2. Process Ontology 158 3. Process and ‘the Problem of Universals’ 160 4. Process Philosophy of Nature 161 5. Process Psychology: Difficulties of the Self 162 6. Process Theology 165 7. The Agenda For Process Philosophy 165 Notes 167 References 167 Metaphysics – Douglas McDermid 169 1. Introduction: Prolegomena to Past Metaphysics 169 Bust and Boom 169 The Explanation Explained 170 2. The Critique of Metaphysics Continued 170 Against Traditional Metaphysics: Five Families of Critiques 171 Verificationism 171 Commonsensism 172 Linguistic Philosophy 172 Historicism 173 Naturalism 173 E Pluribus Unum? 174 3. Past and Present: A Study in Continuity 174 From Idealism to Realism 175 From Realism To Phenomenalism – and Back Again 175 Contemporary Debate: Recent Critiques of Realism 176 The Comparison Argument 176 The New ‘Master Argument’ 177 The Argument from Conceptual Relativity 177 The Model-Theoretic Argument 177 The Argument from Verificationist Semantics 177 The Argument from Facts 177 The Argument from Massive Error 178 The Argument from Truth-Making 178 The Argument from The History of Science 178 The Argument from Incommensurability 178 A Quartet of Morals 179 4. From Language and Reality: Metaphysics and The LinguisticTurn 179 Logical Atomism: Russell and Wittgenstein 179 Davidson 180 Dummett 180 Kripke 180 Lewis 181 Morals and Caveats 181 5. The Infinite Museum 182 Notes 182 References 182 Epistemology – John Greco 185 The Structure of Knowledge: Foundationalism and Coherentism 187 The Analysis of Knowledge and the Gettier Problem 189 The Nature of Epistemic Justification: Internalism versus Externalism 192 The Nature of Epistemic Normativity: Virtues and Rules in Epistemology 194 Bibliography 197 Philosophy of Language: 1950–2000 – Tyler Burge 199 Notes 217 References 219 Philosophy of Mind: 1950–2000 – Tyler Burge 223 Notes 240 References 242 Philosophy of Mathematics – Jeremy Avigad 247 1. Introduction 247 2. Traditional Questions 248 3. Nineteenth-century Developments in Mathematics 250 4. Nineteenth-century Developments in the Foundations of Mathematics 252 5. Twentieth-century Developments in Mathematical Logic 253 6. Early Twentieth-century Philosophical Views 256 7. The Philosophy of Mathematics Today 259 Notes 262 References 262 Philosophy of Logic – Mathieu Marion 265 References 279 A Century of Transition in the Philosophy of Science – David Castle and Edward Jones-Imhotep 283 Introduction 283 1. Era of Independence 283 2. The ‘Second Wave’ 285 Historicism 286 3. Primacy of the Social 290 Sociology of Science and the Strong Programme 291 Science, Post-Normal Science and the Risk Society 292 Notes 294 References 295 Ethics – Jan Narveson 298 Emotivism 299 Another kind of ‘intuitionism’ 300 Relativism and Egoism 302 Naturalism Revived 302 The Rise of Applied Ethics 303 Morality and Society 303 Game Theory and Ethics 304 Moral Realism 305 Feminism 306 Is Morality Principled? 307 References 308 Political Philosophy – Michael Neumann 310 Note 321 References 321 Philosophy of Religion – Charles Taliaferro and Erik S. Christopherson 322 The Meaning of Religious Belief and Practice 322 Divine Attributes and Religious Values 325 Arguments for and against the Existence of God 328 Religious Pluralism 332 References 334 Feminism – Josephine Donovan 337 References 348 Aesthetics – Elisabeth Schellekens 351 What is an artwork? 351 What is an Aesthetic Experience? 353 What are the Boundaries of the Aesthetic? 355 What is Artistic Expressiveness? 357 What is it for an Artwork to Represent Something? 359 Realism or Anti-realism in Aesthetics? 360 References 362 Continental Themes in Analytic Philosophy – Taylor Carman 364 Introduction 364 Problems of Intentionality 365 Historical Conditions of Understanding 370 Conclusion 374 References 374 Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy 378 How to recognize Continental European Philosophy – Constantin V. Boundas 380 Reference 387 The Hegelian Legacy – Bruce Baugh 388 References 397 Phenomenology – Leonard Lawlor 402 1. What is Phenomenology? 403 2. The Transformation of Immanence 410 3. Conclusion: The Thought of the Outside 412 Notes 413 References 413 Hermeneutics – Jean Grondin 415 1. Traditional Hermeneutics: The Art of Interpretation of Sacred Texts 415 2. Dilthey: Hermeneutics as the Methodological Basis of the Human Sciences 416 3. Heidegger’s Hermeneutics of Existence 417 4. Gadamer’s Hermeneutics of the Event of Understanding 418 5. Gadamer’s Critics: Betti, Habermas, Ricoeur, Vattimo, Rorty, and Derrida 422 E. Betti and E. D. Hirsch 422 Habermas and the Critique of Ideologies 422 Paul Ricoeur 423 Postmodernism (Vattimo and Rorty) 423 Derrida’s Deconstruction 424 6. Ricoeur’s Hermeneutics of the Historical Self 424 References 426 Existentialism – William L. McBride 428 Sartre: Being and Nothingness 429 The Parisian Milieu 433 Retrospective and Prospective 435 References 438 Marxisms – Andrew Wernick 440 References 454 Frankfurt School and Philosophy – Douglas Kellner 457 The 1930s: From Fascism to the Critical Theory of Society 457 Herbert Marcuse and Critical Theory 462 From Dialectic of Enlightenment to the Return to Germany 463 Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man 465 Habermas and the Second Generation 466 References 469 Psychoanalysis – Alenka Zupancic 470 The Unconscious (and related matters) 471 Drives and sexuality 477 Notes 480 References 481 Structuralism – Francois Dosse 482 The Structuralist Years 483 Grounding the Scientificity of a Third Discourse 485 A global semiological project: 1964–66 487 What is left of Structuralism? 488 References 491 Discourse about Difference – Calvin O. Schrag 492 Historical Backgrounds 492 Heidegger and the Ontological-Ontic Difference 493 Derrida on Difference 496 Levinas on Difference and Transcendence 498 References 501 Different/ciations: The Case of Gilles Deleuze – Constantin V. Boundas 502 Different/ciating 502 When Is Thinking Possible? 505 The Ethics of the Event 508 Deleuze and the Political 512 Notes 515 References 516 Postmodernism – Charles E. Scott 517 Time and Postmodern Critique: Nietzsche 518 Humanism? 520 Orders of Representation 522 Difference and Responsibility 525 What Is Not Said 527 References 528 Life: An Essay on the Overcoming of Metaphysics – Leonard Lawlor 530 Life as Will to Power and as Bio-Power (Subjectivism) 531 Life as Lived-Experience (Immanence) 534 Life as the Living (Mortalism) 537 Powerlessness and Power 539 Notes 541 References 541 Philosophy of Mind – David Morris 544 Beginnings in Kant, German Idealism, and Anti-Idealism 545 Phenomenology and Existentialism 546 Philosophies of Difference 554 Recent Developments and Further Resources 555 Notes 556 References 556 Philosophy of Science – Babette E. Babich 558 Scientism 560 Critical Philosophy of Science: From Kant to Nietzsche 560 Husserl’s Phenomenology of Science 562 Hermeneutic Phenomenology of Science 563 Hermeneutic Philosophy of Science: Contemporary Expressions 564 Prospects 565 References 567 Ethics – Francois Raffoul 572 References 581 Political Philosophy – David B. Ingram and John Protevi 583 Introduction 583 Historical Background: Hegel and Synthetic Reason 584 Continental Philosophy: A Tradition Divided into Two Camps 585 Arendt and the Phenomenological Tradition 587 Habermas’s Discourse Ethics and the Defense of Democracy 590 The (French) Philosophy of Difference: After May 1968 593 Sartre and Merleau-Ponty: The Constraints of an Existential Politics 593 Castoriadis and Lefort: Radical Democracy and the Critique of Transcendence 594 Lyotard and Baudrillard: The Excluded 594 Derrida: Deconstruction and Aporia 596 Foucault and Deleuze: Micro and Macropolitics 598 Badiou: Metapolitics and Radical Egalitarianism 600 References 601 Feminist Philosophy – Emilia Angelova 603 Transcendence and Immanence in de Beauvoir’s Existentialist Feminism 603 Irigaray’s Sexual Difference 606 Kristeva’s Semiotic Maternal 610 Wittig and Cixous: Sex as Oppression, l’ecriture feminine 612 Butler’s Performative Gender Theory 613 Grosz, Braidotti, and Philosophies of Difference 613 References 614 Philosophy of Religion – Merold Westphal 616 Heidegger 616 Derrida 619 Marion 622 Notes 626 References 626 Aesthetics – Nicholas Davey 628 Aesthetics: A Twentieth-Century Epiphany 628 What lies in a word? 629 Friedrich Nietzsche and the Question of Appearance 630 Theodor Adorno: Appearance as Promise 633 Martin Heidegger: The Autonomy of Aesthetic Appearance 635 Gadamer: Appearance as effective Being 637 Notes 640 References 641 Analytic Themes in Continental Philosophy – Todd May 642 Notes 653 References 653 Non-Western Philosophies in the Twentieth Century 656 Indian Philosophy – Rohit Dalvi 658 Tradition and Modernity 658 The Colonial Context 659 Nationalism, Reform, and Philosophy 661 Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950) 662 R. D. Ranade (1886–1957) 664 Surendranath Dasgupta (1887–1952) 666 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975) 666 G. R. Malkani (1892–1977) 667 Rashvihari Das (1897–1976) 669 J. L. Mehta (1912–88) 669 Daya Krishna (1925– ) 670 J. N. Mohanty (1928– ) 671 Conclusion 672 References 672 Chinese Philosophy – Roger T. Ames 674 Western Learning 675 The New Confucians 676 Xiong Shili (1885–1968) 677 Mou Zongsan (1909–95) 679 Tang Junyi (1909–78) 680 Other New Confucians 682 The Transformation of Marxism 683 On the Edge of the Twenty-first Century 686 References 686 Japanese Philosophy – Robert E. Carter 688 The Meiji Restoration (1868–1912) 689 Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945) 690 Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962) 693 Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960) 696 Ethics 697 The State 698 Nishitani Keiji (1900–90) 699 Philosophy in Japan 700 References 701 African Philosophy – Bruce B. Janz 702 Where is Africa? 704 Who is African? 706 Where does African philosophy come from? To what extent must African philosophy engage traditional thought and culture to be truly African? 707 How can and does Africa relate to the West, to other philosophical, cultural, scientific and religious traditions, to colonizing countries, to its diaspora? 709 Is reason culturally specific? How are reason and language related? 710 What is fundamental reality, in an African context? 711 How can (and how should) political, social and ethical life be imagined in Africa? 712 What is the relationship between thought and practice in Africa? Can and should African philosophy be practical? 712 Looking Forward to the Twenty-first Century 713 References 714 Contributors 716 Roger T. Ames 716 Emilia Angelova 716 Leslie Armour 716 Jeremy Avigad 717 Babette E. Babich 717 Bruce Baugh 717 Constantin V. Boundas 717 Tyler Burge 717 Taylor Carman 718 Robert E. Carter 718 David Castle 718 Erik S. Christopherson 718 Rohit Dalvi 718 Nicholas Davey 718 Josephine Donovan 719 Francois Dosse 719 John Greco 719 Jean Grondin 719 Robert Hanna 719 Bernard Hodgson 719 David B. Ingram 720 Bruce B. Janz 720 Edward Jones-Imhotep 720 Kelly Dean Jolley 720 Douglas Kellner 720 Leonard Lawlor 720 Peter Loptson 721 Mathieu Marion 721 Todd May 721 William L. McBride 721 Douglas McDermid 722 David Morris 722 Jan Narveson 722 Michael Neumann 722 John Protevi 722 Francois Raffoul 722 Nicholas Rescher 723 Elisabeth Schellekens 723 Charles E. Scott 723 Calvin O. Schrag 723 Charles Taliaferro 723 Andrew Wernick 724 Merold Westphal 724 Alenka Zupancic 724 Chronology 726 Index 742 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 General Introduction......Page 14 Phenomenology......Page 17 Logical Positivism......Page 18 The ‘Analytic’ Agenda......Page 20 The ‘Continental’ Agenda......Page 22 Emancipatory Interest: Crisis in the grand Narratives......Page 24 The dissipation of conceptual fog......Page 25 Emancipation after the Grand Narratives......Page 28 The politics of aporias......Page 30 Nomadism......Page 31 Gender, Race and Ethnicity......Page 33 References......Page 38 Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy......Page 40 How to recognize Analytic Philosophy – Constantin V. Boundas......Page 42 References......Page 48 A sketch of Kant’s Critical Philosophy......Page 50 The Neo-Kantian Link......Page 54 What is Analytic Philosophy?......Page 55 Kant, Moore, and the Nature of Judgement......Page 56 Kant, Russell, and Logicism......Page 58 Kant, Wittgenstein, and the Tractatus......Page 59 Kant, Carnap, and Logical Positivism......Page 63 Kant, Quine, and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction......Page 65 Kant, Strawson, and Transcendental Arguments......Page 67 Kant, Scientific Naturalism, and the A Priori......Page 69 Kant and the Fate of Analysis......Page 70 Notes......Page 71 References......Page 73 Metaphysical and Moral Idealism – Leslie Armour......Page 76 The principal players and movements......Page 79 Idealism, Religion, and Science......Page 83 Idealism, History, and Hegel......Page 85 Science and Mathematical Idealism......Page 86 References......Page 87 Anglo-American Neo-Idealism – Nicholas Rescher......Page 91 References......Page 96 Ordinary Language Philosophy As Logic......Page 98 Ordinary Language Philosophy’s Anti-Psychologism......Page 101 OLP as Phenomenology......Page 102 OLP and Analytic Philosophy......Page 103 Metaphilosophy and Therapy......Page 104 Notes......Page 106 References......Page 107 Historical Background......Page 109 Radical Empiricism......Page 110 Unity of Science......Page 114 Problems for Positivism......Page 115 The Pragmatist Shift......Page 119 The Legacy of Logical Positivism......Page 124 References......Page 127 Naturalism – Peter Loptson......Page 129 References......Page 139 Pragmatism – Nicholas Rescher......Page 141 Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)......Page 143 William James (1842–1910)......Page 144 John Dewey (1859–1952)......Page 145 C. I. Lewis (1883–1964)......Page 146 Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)......Page 147 W. V. O. Quine (1908–2002)......Page 148 Hilary Putnam (b. 1926)......Page 149 Nicholas Rescher (1928– )......Page 150 Richard Rorty (b. 1931)......Page 152 References......Page 154 1. Historical Background......Page 156 2. Process Ontology......Page 158 3. Process and ‘the Problem of Universals’......Page 160 4. Process Philosophy of Nature......Page 161 5. Process Psychology: Difficulties of the Self......Page 162 7. The Agenda For Process Philosophy......Page 165 References......Page 167 Bust and Boom......Page 169 2. The Critique of Metaphysics Continued......Page 170 Verificationism......Page 171 Linguistic Philosophy......Page 172 Naturalism......Page 173 3. Past and Present: A Study in Continuity......Page 174 From Realism To Phenomenalism – and Back Again......Page 175 The Comparison Argument......Page 176 The Argument from Facts......Page 177 The Argument from Incommensurability......Page 178 Logical Atomism: Russell and Wittgenstein......Page 179 Kripke......Page 180 Morals and Caveats......Page 181 References......Page 182 Epistemology – John Greco......Page 185 The Structure of Knowledge: Foundationalism and Coherentism......Page 187 The Analysis of Knowledge and the Gettier Problem......Page 189 The Nature of Epistemic Justification: Internalism versus Externalism......Page 192 The Nature of Epistemic Normativity: Virtues and Rules in Epistemology......Page 194 Bibliography......Page 197 Philosophy of Language: 1950–2000 – Tyler Burge......Page 199 Notes......Page 217 References......Page 219 Philosophy of Mind: 1950–2000 – Tyler Burge......Page 223 Notes......Page 240 References......Page 242 1. Introduction......Page 247 2. Traditional Questions......Page 248 3. Nineteenth-century Developments in Mathematics......Page 250 4. Nineteenth-century Developments in the Foundations of Mathematics......Page 252 5. Twentieth-century Developments in Mathematical Logic......Page 253 6. Early Twentieth-century Philosophical Views......Page 256 7. The Philosophy of Mathematics Today......Page 259 References......Page 262 Philosophy of Logic – Mathieu Marion......Page 265 References......Page 279 1. Era of Independence......Page 283 2. The ‘Second Wave’......Page 285 Historicism......Page 286 3. Primacy of the Social......Page 290 Sociology of Science and the Strong Programme......Page 291 Science, Post-Normal Science and the Risk Society......Page 292 Notes......Page 294 References......Page 295 Ethics – Jan Narveson......Page 298 Emotivism......Page 299 Another kind of ‘intuitionism’......Page 300 Naturalism Revived......Page 302 Morality and Society......Page 303 Game Theory and Ethics......Page 304 Moral Realism......Page 305 Feminism......Page 306 Is Morality Principled?......Page 307 References......Page 308 Political Philosophy – Michael Neumann......Page 310 References......Page 321 The Meaning of Religious Belief and Practice......Page 322 Divine Attributes and Religious Values......Page 325 Arguments for and against the Existence of God......Page 328 Religious Pluralism......Page 332 References......Page 334 Feminism – Josephine Donovan......Page 337 References......Page 348 What is an artwork?......Page 351 What is an Aesthetic Experience?......Page 353 What are the Boundaries of the Aesthetic?......Page 355 What is Artistic Expressiveness?......Page 357 What is it for an Artwork to Represent Something?......Page 359 Realism or Anti-realism in Aesthetics?......Page 360 References......Page 362 Introduction......Page 364 Problems of Intentionality......Page 365 Historical Conditions of Understanding......Page 370 References......Page 374 Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy......Page 378 How to recognize Continental European Philosophy – Constantin V. Boundas......Page 380 Reference......Page 387 The Hegelian Legacy – Bruce Baugh......Page 388 References......Page 397 Phenomenology – Leonard Lawlor......Page 402 1. What is Phenomenology?......Page 403 2. The Transformation of Immanence......Page 410 3. Conclusion: The Thought of the Outside......Page 412 References......Page 413 1. Traditional Hermeneutics: The Art of Interpretation of Sacred Texts......Page 415 2. Dilthey: Hermeneutics as the Methodological Basis of the Human Sciences......Page 416 3. Heidegger’s Hermeneutics of Existence......Page 417 4. Gadamer’s Hermeneutics of the Event of Understanding......Page 418 Habermas and the Critique of Ideologies......Page 422 Postmodernism (Vattimo and Rorty)......Page 423 6. Ricoeur’s Hermeneutics of the Historical Self......Page 424 References......Page 426 Existentialism – William L. McBride......Page 428 Sartre: Being and Nothingness......Page 429 The Parisian Milieu......Page 433 Retrospective and Prospective......Page 435 References......Page 438 Marxisms – Andrew Wernick......Page 440 References......Page 454 The 1930s: From Fascism to the Critical Theory of Society......Page 457 Herbert Marcuse and Critical Theory......Page 462 From Dialectic of Enlightenment to the Return to Germany......Page 463 Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man......Page 465 Habermas and the Second Generation......Page 466 References......Page 469 Psychoanalysis – Alenka Zupancic......Page 470 The Unconscious (and related matters)......Page 471 Drives and sexuality......Page 477 Notes......Page 480 References......Page 481 Structuralism – Francois Dosse......Page 482 The Structuralist Years......Page 483 Grounding the Scientificity of a Third Discourse......Page 485 A global semiological project: 1964–66......Page 487 What is left of Structuralism?......Page 488 References......Page 491 Historical Backgrounds......Page 492 Heidegger and the Ontological-Ontic Difference......Page 493 Derrida on Difference......Page 496 Levinas on Difference and Transcendence......Page 498 References......Page 501 Different/ciating......Page 502 When Is Thinking Possible?......Page 505 The Ethics of the Event......Page 508 Deleuze and the Political......Page 512 Notes......Page 515 References......Page 516 Postmodernism – Charles E. Scott......Page 517 Time and Postmodern Critique: Nietzsche......Page 518 Humanism?......Page 520 Orders of Representation......Page 522 Difference and Responsibility......Page 525 What Is Not Said......Page 527 References......Page 528 Life: An Essay on the Overcoming of Metaphysics – Leonard Lawlor......Page 530 Life as Will to Power and as Bio-Power (Subjectivism)......Page 531 Life as Lived-Experience (Immanence)......Page 534 Life as the Living (Mortalism)......Page 537 Powerlessness and Power......Page 539 References......Page 541 Philosophy of Mind – David Morris......Page 544 Beginnings in Kant, German Idealism, and Anti-Idealism......Page 545 Phenomenology and Existentialism......Page 546 Philosophies of Difference......Page 554 Recent Developments and Further Resources......Page 555 References......Page 556 Philosophy of Science – Babette E. Babich......Page 558 Critical Philosophy of Science: From Kant to Nietzsche......Page 560 Husserl’s Phenomenology of Science......Page 562 Hermeneutic Phenomenology of Science......Page 563 Hermeneutic Philosophy of Science: Contemporary Expressions......Page 564 Prospects......Page 565 References......Page 567 Ethics – Francois Raffoul......Page 572 References......Page 581 Introduction......Page 583 Historical Background: Hegel and Synthetic Reason......Page 584 Continental Philosophy: A Tradition Divided into Two Camps......Page 585 Arendt and the Phenomenological Tradition......Page 587 Habermas’s Discourse Ethics and the Defense of Democracy......Page 590 Sartre and Merleau-Ponty: The Constraints of an Existential Politics......Page 593 Lyotard and Baudrillard: The Excluded......Page 594 Derrida: Deconstruction and Aporia......Page 596 Foucault and Deleuze: Micro and Macropolitics......Page 598 Badiou: Metapolitics and Radical Egalitarianism......Page 600 References......Page 601 Transcendence and Immanence in de Beauvoir’s Existentialist Feminism......Page 603 Irigaray’s Sexual Difference......Page 606 Kristeva’s Semiotic Maternal......Page 610 Wittig and Cixous: Sex as Oppression, l’ecriture feminine......Page 612 Grosz, Braidotti, and Philosophies of Difference......Page 613 References......Page 614 Heidegger......Page 616 Derrida......Page 619 Marion......Page 622 References......Page 626 Aesthetics: A Twentieth-Century Epiphany......Page 628 What lies in a word?......Page 629 Friedrich Nietzsche and the Question of Appearance......Page 630 Theodor Adorno: Appearance as Promise......Page 633 Martin Heidegger: The Autonomy of Aesthetic Appearance......Page 635 Gadamer: Appearance as effective Being......Page 637 Notes......Page 640 References......Page 641 Analytic Themes in Continental Philosophy – Todd May......Page 642 References......Page 653 Non-Western Philosophies in the Twentieth Century......Page 656 Tradition and Modernity......Page 658 The Colonial Context......Page 659 Nationalism, Reform, and Philosophy......Page 661 Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950)......Page 662 R. D. Ranade (1886–1957)......Page 664 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)......Page 666 G. R. Malkani (1892–1977)......Page 667 J. L. Mehta (1912–88)......Page 669 Daya Krishna (1925– )......Page 670 J. N. Mohanty (1928– )......Page 671 References......Page 672 Chinese Philosophy – Roger T. Ames......Page 674 Western Learning......Page 675 The New Confucians......Page 676 Xiong Shili (1885–1968)......Page 677 Mou Zongsan (1909–95)......Page 679 Tang Junyi (1909–78)......Page 680 Other New Confucians......Page 682 The Transformation of Marxism......Page 683 References......Page 686 Japanese Philosophy – Robert E. Carter......Page 688 The Meiji Restoration (1868–1912)......Page 689 Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)......Page 690 Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962)......Page 693 Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960)......Page 696 Ethics......Page 697 The State......Page 698 Nishitani Keiji (1900–90)......Page 699 Philosophy in Japan......Page 700 References......Page 701 African Philosophy – Bruce B. Janz......Page 702 Where is Africa?......Page 704 Who is African?......Page 706 Where does African philosophy come from? To what extent must African philosophy engage traditional thought and culture to be truly African?......Page 707 How can and does Africa relate to the West, to other philosophical, cultural, scientific and religious traditions, to colonizing countries, to its diaspora?......Page 709 Is reason culturally specific? How are reason and language related?......Page 710 What is fundamental reality, in an African context?......Page 711 What is the relationship between thought and practice in Africa? Can and should African philosophy be practical?......Page 712 Looking Forward to the Twenty-first Century......Page 713 References......Page 714 Leslie Armour......Page 716 Tyler Burge......Page 717 Nicholas Davey......Page 718 Bernard Hodgson......Page 719 Leonard Lawlor......Page 720 William L. McBride......Page 721 Francois Raffoul......Page 722 Charles Taliaferro......Page 723 Alenka Zupancic......Page 724 Chronology......Page 726 Index......Page 742 This is a reference book aimed at an advanced undergraduate, graduate and academic readership in Philosophy.It is a panoramic, one-volume reference guide to twentieth-century philosophy, written by distinguished specialists in the field.This distinctive reference book comprises a series of philosophical studies, which together provide a thorough, authoritative survey of the state of philosophy in the twentieth century. The Companion is organized into two sections of 20 chapters each which reflect, respectively, the developments of the Anglo-American Analytic and the Continental European philosophical traditions. Written by distinguished specialists, they discuss the main movements and fields of the discipline throughout the century. An appendix presents the main accomplishments of non-Western philosophers within the same time frame.