The Economic Geography of Cross-Border Migration (Footprints of Regional Science)

This handbook presents a collection of high-quality, authoritative scientific contributions on cross-border migration, written by a carefully selected group of recognized migration experts from around the globe. In recent years, crossborder migration has become an important and intriguing issue, from both a scientific and policy perspective. In the 'age of migration', the volume of cross-border movements of people continues to rise, while the nature of migration flows - in terms of the determinants, length of stay, effects on the sending and host countries, and legal status of migrants - is changing dramatically. Based on a detailed economic-geographical analysis, this handbook studies the motives for cross-border migration, the socio-economic implications for sending countries and regions, the locational choice determinants for cross-border migrants, and the manifold economic-geographic consequences for host countries and regions. Given the complexity of migration decisions and their local or regional impacts, a systematic typology of migrants (motives, legal status, level of education, gender, age, singles or families, etc.) is provided, together with an assessment of push factors in the place of origin and pull factors at the destination. On the basis of a solid analytical framework and reliable empirical evidence, it examines the impacts of emigration for sending areas and of immigration for receiving areas, and provides a comprehensive discussion of the policy dimensions of cross-border migration Contents Part IConceptual and Historical Contributions 1 Geography of Migration: An Introduction 1.1 Setting the Scene 1.2 Migration: Internal and International 1.3 Classes of Effects of Migration 1.3.1 Types and Determinants of Cross-Border Migration 1.3.2 Effects of Migration on the Host Region/Country 1.4 Effects of Migration on the Origin Region/Country 1.5 Brief Overview of the Handbook References 2 The “Invasion Peril” in Light of the Topodynamic Theory, and Some Recent Statistics 2.1 The Place of Mobility in the World Polarization Process: The Topodynamic Theory 2.2 The Gears of the Invasion Mechanics: The Conventional Thinking 2.3 The Gears of the Invasion Mechanics: Checking the Facts 2.4 Reconciling Conventional Thinking and Facts 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 A History of Walls and Fences 3.2.1 Ancient and Medieval Walls 3.2.2 Modern Walls 3.2.3 Twenty-First-Century Walls 3.2.4 US-Mexican Wall 3.3 Making Sense Out of Walls 3.4 Open or Closed Borders? 3.5 Conclusions: Politics Versus Economic Evidence References 4 The Demography of Migration 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background 4.3 Theories 4.4 Methods and Modelling 4.5 Case Study: Migration in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory 4.6 Policy Framing and Lessons References Part IIInternational Migration 5 Immigration Within a US Context: A Drain or Driver of Economic Development? 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Historical and Current Trends 5.3 Patterns of Foreign-Born and Community Well-Being 5.4 Immigrants and Community Entrepreneurship 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Opportunity Seeking Migration in the United States 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of Migration Research 6.3 Empirical Topics 6.3.1 Choice Set 6.3.2 Selectivity 6.3.3 Panel Data 6.4 People and Place Issues 6.4.1 Life Course Migration 6.4.2 Family Migration 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Return, Circular, and Onward Migration Decisions in a Knowledge Society 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Typologies and Definitions 7.3 Skilled Migration, the Knowledge Society, and Return/Repeat Migration 7.4 Theoretical Foundations of Migration Moves 7.5 Conceptual Framework and Empirics About Self-selection 7.5.1 Selection in Repeat, Circular, and Onward Migration 7.6 Relevant Literature on the Skilled: A Review and Appraisal 7.6.1 Limitations to the Literature 7.7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations References 8 The Labour Market Integration of Humanitarian Migrants in OECD Countries: An Overview 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Trends in Humanitarian Migration and Migrant Labour Market Participation 8.3 Labour Market Outcomes of Humanitarian Migrants 8.4 Refugee Economic Integration: The Case of Sweden 8.4.1 Immigration to Sweden 8.4.2 Previous Studies on the Labour Market Participation of Refugees to Sweden 8.4.3 An Overview of the Employment of Humanitarian Migrants to Sweden: Facts and Figures 8.5 Concluding Remarks References 9 Cross-Border Labour Mobility in Europe: Migration Versus Commuting 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Policies Implemented for Internal and External Mobility 9.2.1 Free Movement Principle 9.2.2 The Schengen Agreement 9.3 Taxonomy of Different Types of Cross-Border Mobility 9.4 Overview of European Cross-Border Labour Mobility 9.4.1 Cross-Country Migrants 9.4.2 Cross-Border Commuters 9.4.3 Posted Workers 9.5 Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature 9.5.1 Benefits and Costs of Cross-Border Labour Mobility 9.5.2 Determinants of Cross-Border Migration 9.5.3 Determinants of Cross-Border Commuting 9.5.4 The Choice Between Migration and Commuting 9.5.5 Obstacles to Cross-Border Mobility 9.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications References 10 The Role of Subjective Wellbeing in Cross-Border Migration 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Literature Review 10.2.1 Subjective Wellbeing Measures 10.2.2 Subjective Wellbeing and Migration 10.3 A Theory of SWB and Migration Choice 10.4 Empirical Evidence 10.4.1 The Data 10.4.2 Estimated Effects of SWB on Migration 10.5 Research and Policy Implications References Part IIIMigration Effects on Destination Areas 11 Migration and Human Capital: The Role of Education in Interregional Migration: The Australian Case 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background Literature 11.3 Description of Data and Summary Statistics 11.3.1 Data and Sample 11.3.2 Characteristics of Migrants and Migration Flows in Australia 11.4 Empirical Framework 11.5 Results 11.5.1 Results for the Average Migrant 11.5.2 Results by Origin–Destination Pairs 11.6 Conclusion Appendix References 12 Effects of Immigration on Local Housing Markets 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Theoretical Perspectives 12.3 Empirical Evidence 12.3.1 United States 12.3.2 United Kingdom 12.3.3 Canada 12.3.4 Spain 12.3.5 Italy 12.3.6 France 12.3.7 Switzerland 12.3.8 Meta-Analytic Evidence 12.4 A Case Study: New Zealand 12.5 Conclusion References 13 The Urban Geography of Segregation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Defining Segregation 13.3 Methodologies of Detecting and Understanding Segregation 13.4 Causes and Patterns of Segregation 13.5 Implications of Segregation 13.5.1 Economic Effects 13.5.2 Demographic Effects 13.6 Conclusion References 14 Complementarities Between Native and Immigrant Workers in Italy by Sector 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Review 14.2.1 The Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market 14.2.2 The Italian Case 14.3 Theoretical Framework 14.3.1 Estimating the Total Effect on Wages 14.4 Data and Variable Construction 14.5 Elasticity of Substitution Between Native and Immigrant Workers 14.6 The Impact of Immigration on Wages 14.7 Concluding Remarks Appendix References 15 A New Focus on Migration Health 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Evolution of Migration Health as a Discipline 15.3 Migration Health Conceptual Framework and Theories 15.4 Examples of Theories and Hypotheses 15.5 Effects of Migration on Health 15.6 The Implications of Migration on Health and Health Services in Countries of Destination 15.7 Implications for Migration Health Policy and Priorities 15.8 Recent International Policy Developments; Challenges and Opportunities 15.9 Conclusions References 16 The General and the Task-Specific Human Capital of Migrants: Host Country Perspective 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Literature Review 16.3 Data and Analytical Approach 16.3.1 Empirical Data 16.3.2 Methodology 16.4 Empirical Results 16.4.1 Descriptive Evidence: Socio-Demographic and Employment Profiles 16.4.2 Immigrant-Native Gaps in the General (Cognitive) Human Capital 16.4.3 Immigrant-Native Gaps in the Specific (Task-Based) Human Capital 16.5 Discussion and Conclusion References 17 Entrepreneurial Journeys of Syrian Refugees in Groningen, A Liminal Story? 17.1 Introduction and Research Positioning 17.1.1 Research Positioning 17.2 Literature Review About Creating a Vital Ecosystem 17.2.1 Refugee Entrepreneurship 17.2.2 Barriers of Refugee Entrepreneurs 17.2.3 Networking 17.2.4 Support System of the Triple Helix/Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Model 17.2.5 Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Journeys 17.3 Methodology 17.3.1 Theory of Vital and Grounded Approach 17.3.2 Context Alfa-College 17.3.3 Coding 17.4 Stories of Entrepreneurial Journeys 17.4.1 Storytelling Participant Amjad (31, Technical Engineer) 17.4.2 Storytelling Kazem (26, Tech-Consultancy) 17.4.3 Storytelling Mohammed (25, Catering Industry) 17.4.4 Storytelling Adib (42, Mechanical Engineer) 17.4.5 Storytelling Nazim (25, Catering Industry) 17.4.6 Storytelling Nour (32, Hairdresser) 17.4.7 Storytelling Anas (25, Retail Industry) 17.4.8 Storytelling Ayoub (25, Catering Industry) 17.5 Becomings (Discussion) 17.5.1 Great Expectations 17.5.2 Entrepreneurship as the Holy Grail 17.5.3 We Are Experienced 17.5.4 Old Networks and the Development of New Networks References Part IVMigration Effects on Sending Areas 18 The Importance of Political and Economic Institutions to the Decisions of International Migrants to Return to Their Home Countries 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Institutions—Definition, Classification, and Measurement 18.3 The Importance of Institutions to Migration Decisions of International Migrants 18.3.1 Theories of Institutions as Determinants of International Migration 18.3.2 Empirical Review on Institutions as Determinants of International Migration 18.4 Institutions as Determinants of Return Migration: A Case Study of Vietnam 18.5 Conclusions References 19 The Impact of Emigration on Source Countries 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Determinants of Emigration 19.3 The Economic Impact of Emigration 19.3.1 Emigration and Remittances 19.3.2 Emigration, Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment 19.3.3 Emigration and Human Capital 19.4 Emigration from Asia 19.4.1 Emigration from China 19.4.2 The Economic Impact of Emigration from China 19.5 Conclusion References 20 Economic Effects of Remittances on Migrants’ Country of Origin 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Intra-Household and Other Social Effects 20.2.1 Intra-Household Decision-Making in Remittance-Receiving Contexts 20.2.2 Remittances and Intra-Household Labour Allocation 20.3 Household-Level Effects on Consumption and Norms, on Investment in Physical and Human Capital, and on Income Inequality 20.3.1 Effects on Consumption and Norms 20.3.2 Effects on Investment in Physical and Human Capital 20.3.3 Effects on Income Inequality 20.4 Country-Level Effects: Causes, Growth Channels, Globalization and Distribution 20.4.1 Causes of Remittances and Reinforcing or Weakening Factors 20.4.2 Financial Development 20.4.3 Effects on Distribution, Poverty and Health 20.4.4 Effects in Accumulation and Growth Regressions 20.4.5 Globalization: Effects on Migration, Exchange Rates and Trade 20.4.6 Effects on and Reactions of Governments and Institutions 20.4.7 Linking the Effects: Simultaneous Equation Models 20.5 Conclusion References 21 The Impact of Immigration on Foreign Market Access: A Panel Analysis 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Data 21.2.1 Migration Flows 21.2.2 FDI Flows 21.2.3 Trade Data 21.2.4 Covariates 21.3 A Preliminary View at the Data 21.4 Empirical Approach 21.5 Empirical Results 21.6 Summary and Conclusion References 22 Unskilled Migration with Remittance and Welfare Analysis 22.1 Introduction and Literature Review 22.2 Models with and Without Unskilled Migrants 22.2.1 No Unskilled Migration in an Open Economy 22.2.2 Unskilled Migration and Remittance in an Open Economy 22.3 The Comparative Statics 22.4 Welfare and Inequality Analysis 22.5 The Decision of the Optimal Migration Ratio Through Other Mechanisms 22.5.1 The Quota of the Northern Country 22.5.2 Negotiation Between the Two Countries 22.6 Concluding Remarks 22.7 Appendix 22.7.1 Proof of Proposition 1 22.7.2 Proof of Proposition 2 References Part VMigration and Policy 23 Migration, Depressed Regions, and Place-Based Policy 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Natural Versus Structural Migrations 23.3 Economic Decline in Four West Virginia Counties 23.4 Place-Based Policies 23.5 Summary and Tentative Recommendations References 24 The Relationship Between Cultural Differences and Migration: Does Cultural Dilemma Matter? 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Data 24.3 Empirical Strategy 24.4 Results 24.5 Conclusions Appendix References 25 Migration in a Post-global Era 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Globalization—What Is It and Why It Matters 25.3 Migration and Globalization—A Two-Way Relationship 25.4 So, What then Is the Problem with All This? 25.5 Two Further Reasons for Thinking that the ‘Age of Migration’ Might Be Over 25.6 What About the Future? 25.7 Conclusions References