The Early Latin Verb System: Archaic Forms in Plautus, Terence, and Beyond (Oxford Classical Monographs)

## Abstract Early Latin has archaic futures like faxō ‘I shall do’, archaic subjunctives like faxim I may do’, duim ‘I may give’, or attigās ‘you may touch’, and archaic infinitives like impetrāssere ‘to achieve’. These forms are already quite rare in Plautus; a generation later, in Terence, they are almost non-existent. This study focuses on such forms from a synchronic perspective. It examines their meaning, distribution over clause types, register, and productivity. In order to reach reliable conclusions, the book looks at the usage of ‘regular’ futures, subjunctives, and infinitives in the early period. Thus, morphosyntactic phenomena such as the sequence of tenses and the use of subjunctives in prohibitions are examined and compared with classical practice. The work contains diachronic elements as well. Not only does it discuss the reconstruction of elements of the Proto-Italic and Proto-Indo-European verb systems, but it also shows the patterns by which archaic forms were lost in classical and later Latin. Contents......Page 12 List of Tables......Page 15 Abbreviations and Editions......Page 18 1. Introduction: An Archaic Verb System?......Page 20 The Regular Forms......Page 22 The Extra-Paradigmatic Types in Archaic Latin......Page 23 Data and Methodology......Page 31 PART I. FOUR PROBLEMS IN THE LATIN VERB SYSTEM......Page 36 Introduction to Part I......Page 38 2. Simple Future and Future Perfect in Archaic Latin......Page 40 Possible Contrasts between Simple Future and Future Perfect......Page 43 The Regular Future Forms in Three Plays......Page 54 Conclusions......Page 68 3. The Sequence of Tenses in Archaic Latin......Page 70 The Sequence Rules in More Detail......Page 76 Subordinate Clauses with Independent Subjunctives......Page 96 Some Statistics......Page 106 Conclusions......Page 108 4. Prohibitions with fēcerīs and faciās in Archaic Latin......Page 111 Prohibitions with nē (nēue), minimē, nēmō, neque (nec), nihil, and nūllus......Page 118 Prohibitions with Forms of cauēre......Page 138 Conclusions......Page 148 5. Infinitivals with Future Meaning in Archaic Latin......Page 152 Telicity......Page 156 The Subject of the Infinitive......Page 163 The Infinitive dare......Page 165 The Voice of the Infinitive......Page 167 Subject Accusatives......Page 168 Register Differences......Page 173 The Influence of the Governing Verb......Page 177 Diachronic Differences......Page 180 Conclusions......Page 181 PART II. THE EXTRA-PARADIGMATIC VERB FORMS: A SYNCHRONIC ANALYSIS......Page 186 Introduction to Part II......Page 188 6. The Sigmatic Future in Archaic Latin......Page 190 The Sigmatic Forms in Subordinate Clauses......Page 193 The Sigmatic Forms in Main Clauses......Page 199 A Rationale for the Distribution of the Sigmatic Indicative Forms?......Page 207 Conclusions......Page 208 7. The Sigmatic Subjunctive in Archaic Latin......Page 210 Frequency and Productivity......Page 211 Register......Page 214 Combination with Other Tenses, Time Reference, and Other Features......Page 218 Distribution Patterns......Page 228 Conclusions......Page 232 Excursus: The Rhotacized Forms iŭuerint, moněrint, and sīrint......Page 234 8. The Sigmatic Infinitives......Page 243 Productivity and Register......Page 244 Time Reference and Function......Page 245 Conclusions......Page 257 9. The Type duim in Archaic Latin......Page 259 Frequency and Productivity......Page 261 Register......Page 265 Tense, Aspect, and Other Features......Page 267 Patterns of Distribution......Page 274 Conclusions......Page 279 An Addendum: The Indicative Forms in Archaic Latin......Page 280 10. The Type attigās in Archaic Latin......Page 283 Frequency and Productivity......Page 285 Register......Page 296 Temporal Reference and Special Features......Page 298 Distribution over Clause Types......Page 309 Conclusions......Page 314 A Further Addendum: Extra-Paradigmatic Indicatives?......Page 315 PART III. THE EXTRA-PARADIGMATIC VERB FORMS: A DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS......Page 320 Introduction to Part III......Page 322 11. Some Problems of Reconstruction......Page 324 Aorists or Desideratives?......Page 325 The Origin of the -ss- in amāssint......Page 334 Ancient and Recent Sigmatic Forms......Page 340 Some Problems Concerning duim and dem......Page 346 Summary......Page 354 12. Extra-Paradigmatic Forms in Classical and Later Latin......Page 355 The Sigmatic Indicatives and Subjunctives......Page 357 Rhotacized Forms and Sigmatic Infinitives......Page 372 The ī-Subjunctives and Their Corresponding Indicatives......Page 373 The Extra-Paradigmatic ā-Subjunctives......Page 377 Conclusions......Page 381 PART IV. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS......Page 384 Summary......Page 386 References......Page 395 C......Page 410 L......Page 411 P......Page 412 T......Page 414 V......Page 415 Latin......Page 416 Gothic......Page 421 Indo-European and Other Reconstructed Forms......Page 422 Oscan......Page 423 Venetic......Page 424 B......Page 425 G......Page 426 N......Page 427 P......Page 428 S......Page 429 V......Page 431 W......Page 432 Any Verb Form Of Classical Latin Can Be Assigned To One Of The Three Stems: The Infectum-stem, The Perfectum-stem, Or The Supine-stem. In Archaic Latin, On The Other Hand, There Are Also Verb Forms Which Do Not Belong To These Stems, The So-called Extra-paradigmatic Forms. Such Forms Are At The Heart Of Wolfgang De Melo's Study, Which Asks What They Mean, How They Are Used, And What They Go Back To. Since Their Meaning Is Best Examined By Contrasting Them With The Regular Forms, The First Part Of The Book Discusses Selected Problems Of The Regular Verbal System Of Archaic Latin. In The Second Part, The Meaning Of The Extra-paradigmatic Forms Is Established By Contrasting Them With The Regular Ones. The Third Part Goes Beyond Archaic Latin, Not Only Examining The Origins Of The Extra-paradigmatic Forms, But Outlining Their Survival After The Archaic Period. The Meaning And Use Of The Forms In Archaic Latin Provides The Basis For Both Types Of Diachronic Study.--jacket. List Of Tables -- Abbreviations And Editions -- Introduction: An Archaic Verb System? -- The Regular Forms -- The Extra-paradigmatic Types In Archaic Latin -- The Diachronic Side -- Data And Methodology -- Part I Four Problems In The Latin Verb System -- Introduction To Part I -- 2 Simple Future And Future Perfect In Archaic Latin -- Possible Contrasts Between Simple Future And Future Perfect -- The Regular Future Forms In Three Plays -- Conclusions -- 3 The Sequence Of Tenses In Archaic Latin -- The Sequence Rules In More Detail -- Subordinate Clauses With Independent Subjunctives -- Some Statistics -- Conclusions -- 4 Prohibitions With Fe Ceris And Facias In Archaic Latin -- Prohibitions With Ne (neue ), Minime , Nemo , Neque (nec ), Nihil , And Nu Llus -- Prohibitions With Forms Of Caue Re -- Conclusions -- 5 Infinitivals With Future Meaning In Archaic Latin -- Telicity -- The Subject Of The Infinitive -- The Infinitive Dare -- The Voice Of The Infinitive -- Subject Accusatives -- Register Differences -- The Influence Of The Governing Verb -- Diachronic Differences -- Conclusions Part Ii The Extra-paradigmatic Verb Forms: A Synchronic Analysis -- Introduction To Part Ii -- 6 The Sigmatic Future In Archaic Latin -- The Sigmatic Forms In Subordinate Clauses -- The Sigmatic Forms In Main Clauses -- Rationale For The Distribution Of The Sigmatic Indicative Forms? -- Conclusions -- 7 The Sigmatic Subjunctive In Archaic Latin -- Frequency And Productivity -- Register -- Combination With Other Tenses, Time Reference, And Other Features -- Distribution Patterns -- Conclusions -- Excursus: The Rhotacized Forms Iu Uerint, Mone Rint, And Si Rint -- 8 The Sigmatic Infinitives -- Productivity And Register -- Time Reference And Function -- Conclusions -- 9 The Type Duim In Archaic Latin -- Frequency And Productivity -- Register -- Tense, Aspect, And Other Features -- Patterns Of Distribution -- Conclusions -- An Addendum: The Indicative Forms In Archaic Latin -- 10 The Type Attiga S In Archaic Latin -- Frequency And Productivity -- Register -- Temporal Reference And Special Features -- Distribution Over Clause Types -- Conclusions -- Further Addendum: Extra-paradigmatic Indicatives? Part Iii The Extra-paradigmatic Verb Forms: A Diachronic Analysis -- Introduction To Part Iii -- 11 Some Problems Of Reconstruction -- Aorists Or Desideratives? -- The Origin Of The -ss- In Ama Ssint -- Ancient And Recent Sigmatic Forms -- Some Problems Concerning Duim And Dem -- Summary -- 12 Extra-paradigmatic Forms In Classical And Later Latin -- The Sigmatic Indicatives And Subjunctives -- Rhotacized Forms And Sigmatic Infinitives -- The I -subjunctives And Their Corresponding Indicatives -- The Extra-paradigmatic A -subjunctives -- Conclusions -- Part Iv A Brief Summary Of The Results -- Summary -- References -- Index Wolfgang David Cirilo De Melo. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [376]-390) And Indexes. This book is about the life and thought of Origen (c.185-254 A.D.), the most important Greek-speaking Christian theologian and Biblical scholar in antiquity. His writings included works on the text of the Bible, commentaries and sermons on most of the books of the Bible, a major defense of the Christian faith against a philosophical skeptic, and the first attempt at writing systematic theology ever made. Ronald E. Heine presents Origen's work in the context of the two urban centers where he lived-Alexandria in Egypt, and Caesarea in Palestine. Heine argues that these urban contexts and their communities of faith had a discernable impact on Origen's intellectual work. The study begins with a description of Roman Alexandria where Origen spent the first forty-six years of his life. The thought of the Alexandrian Christian community in which Origen was born and in whose service he produced his first written works is examined from the limited resources that have survived. The remains of Origen's writings produced in Alexandria provide information about his early theological views as well as the circumstances of his life in Alexandria. Heine discusses the issues of the canon and text of the Bible used by Origen and the Alexandrian Christian community and the special work called the Hexapla which he produced on the text of the Septuagint. Origen's later life in Caesarea was shaped by pastoral as well as teaching duties. These responsibilities put him in contact with the city's large Jewish population. Heine argues that the focus of Origen's thought shifts in this period from his earlier Alexandrian occupation with Gnostic issues to the complex questions concerning the relationship between church and synagogue and the ultimate fate of the Jews. In his final years it appears that Origen was rethinking some of the views he had espoused in his earlier work. This is the first comprehensive treatment of Latin extra-paradigmatic verb forms, that is, verb forms which cannot easily be assigned to any particular tense in the Latin verbal system. In order to see what functions such forms fulfil, one has to compare their usage to that of the regular verb forms. In Part 1, Wolfgang de Melo outlines the usage of regular verb forms, which, surprisingly, has not always been described adequately in the standard grammars. In Part 2, the central part of the book, he compares the usage of the extra-paradigmatic verb forms to that of the regular ones, restricting himself to Archaic Latin (roughly before 100 BC); here he makes many new and unexpected discoveries. In Part 3, de Melo shows how synchronic usage can help us to reconstruct earlier stages of the language which are not attested; he also points out that, while most of the extra-paradigmatic forms die out after 100 BC, some survive - and that such survival is by no means a matter of chance. Alexandria Near Egypt -- Alexandrian Christianity And The Formation Of Origen's Thought -- Origen And The Bible Of The Alexandrian Christians -- The Beginnings Of Origen's Published Biblical Scholarship -- The Alexandrian Commentaries On The Old Testament -- The Alexandrian Polemical And Theological Literature -- Settling In Caesarea -- Origen As Preacher In Caesarea -- Scholarship And Teaching In Caesarea -- The Works And Themes Of The Senior Scholar. Ronald E. Heine. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [257]-272) And Index.