The Early Dutch Sinologists (1854-1900) (2 Vols) Training in Holland and China, Functions in the Netherlands Indies

In The Early Dutch Sinologists Koos Kuiper gives a detailed account of the studies and work of the 24 Dutchmen trained as “interpreters” for the Netherlands Indies before 1900. Most began studying at Leiden University, then went to Amoy to study southern Chinese dialects. Their main functions were translating Dutch law into Chinese, advising the courts on Chinese law and checking Chinese accounts books, later also regulating coolie affairs. Actually their services were not always appreciated and there was not enough work for them; later many pursued other careers in the Indies administration or in scholarship. This study also analyses the three dictionaries they compiled. Based on a wealth of primary sources, it gives a fascinating picture of personal cross-cultural contacts. Biographies and Bibliographies of the Sinologists -- Albrecht, Johannes Eduard#Biography Albrecht -- Borel, Henri Jean François#Biography Borel -- Breuk, Johannes de#Biography de Breuk -- Bruin, Annes Gerardus de#Biography de Bruin -- Buddingh, Johan Adriaan#Biography Buddingh -- Ezerman, Johannes Lodewijk Juliaan Franciscus#Biography Ezerman -- Faber, Maximiliaan von#Biography von Faber -- Francken, Johannes Jacobus Cornelis#Biography Francken -- Grijs, Carolus Franciscus Martinus de#Biography de Grijs -- Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter#Biography Groeneveldt -- Groot, Johannes Jacobus Maria de"Biography de Groot -- Hoetink, Bernardus#Biography Hoetink -- Hoffmann, Johannes Josephus#Biography Hoffmann -- Jongh, Arie Arend de#Biography de Jongh -- Meeter, Pieter#Biography Meeter -- Moll, Alexander Eliza#Biography Moll -- Roelofs, Johannes Jacobus#Biography Roelofs -- Schaalje, Maurits#Biography Schaalje -- Schaank, Simon Hartwich#Biography Schaank -- Schlegel, Gustaaf#Biography Schlegel -- Spek, Jacobus van der#Biography van der Spek -- Stadt, Peter Adriaan van de#Biography van de Stadt -- Stuart, Hermanus Nicolaas#Biography Stuart -- Thijssen, Emile Franciscus#Biography Thijssen -- Wettum, Bertus Anton Jacobus van#Biography van Wettum -- Young, James William#Biography Young -- Appendix B -- Dates of Appointment and Discharge of European Interpreters of Chinese in the Netherlands Indies -- Introduction to the Tables -- Appendix C -- Chinese Names of Dutch Sinologists (1860-1917) -- Appendix D -- Students of Hoffmann, Schlegel, and De Groot -- Appendix E -- Names of Some Teachers/Clerks in the Indies -- Appendix F -- Table of Students in China 1856-1867 -- Appendix G -- Sinologists in the Board of Directors of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences -- Appendix H -- Graph of the Number of Sinologists in Active Service, 1860-1917 -- Appendix I The Establishment of a Chair for Chinese (1877) -- Schlegel's Inaugural Lecture: The State of the Art in Sinology and Its Practical Use -- The Graduation of the Second Group (1878) -- A Sudden Anti-Climax: A Moratorium in the Training Course -- Chapter 9 -- Schlegel's Later Students (1888-1895) -- Schlegel's Extraordinary Students in the 1880s: Lind and Schaank -- The Expansion of the Chinese Library in Leiden University -- J.T. Cremer and the Dialect in the Outer Possessions -- De Groot's Scholarly Mission to China -- Splitting the Corps of Interpreters? -- A New Training Course -- The Third Examination: Ezerman, Borel, Goteling Vinnis, and Van Wettum (1888) -- Schlegel Disciplining his Students and Borel's Attitude -- Schlegel's Teaching Methods and Borel's Studies -- Borel's Life in Art and Culture -- Borel's Personal and Student Life -- The Graduation of the Third Group (1892) -- The Fourth Examination: Van de Stadt, De Bruin, and Thijssen (1892) -- The Studies and Graduation of the Fourth Group (1892-1895) -- The Reorganisation of the interpreter Corps and Another Moratorium -- Extraordinary Students in the 1890s: Schaank, Kann, Von Zach -- Chapter 10 -- Schlegel's Students in China (1877-1898) -- The First Group: De Groot, Hoetink, Stuart (1877-1878) -- The Second Group: Van der Spek, Moll, de Jongh (1879-1880) -- Studying in Zhangzhou -- Financial Problems of the Third Group: Ezerman, Borel, Van Wettum (1892-1894) -- The Extension to Two Years in China -- The Dialect Question Again (1893) -- Life on Gulangyu -- Borel's Teachers -- Borel's Studies -- Travels -- Borel's Publications -- The Students' Relations with the Consulate -- The Third Group Finish Their Studies in Amoy -- The Fourth Group: De Bruin, Thijssen, Van de Stadt (1896-1898) -- Von Varchmin's Complaint About De Bruin -- Studying Hoklo in "Swatow and the Interior Van de Stadt's Request to Study Mandarin in Peking -- The Decision to Study Hakka as Well -- Studying Hakka in Kia Ying Chow -- Chapter 11 -- The Compilation of Dictionaries -- Hoffmann's Japanese Dictionary -- Manuscript Chinese Dictionaries and Word Lists -- Linguistic Problems -- The Publication History of Francken and De Grijs' Amoy-Dutch Dictionary (1864-1882) -- Description and Evaluation of Francken and De Grijs' Dictionary -- The Publication History of Schlegel's Dutch-Chinese Dictionary (1882-1891) -- The Reception of the Dictionary -- J.H. Ferguson: An Offensive and Scandalous Work -- Schlegel and Li Hongzhang in 1896 -- Description and Evaluation of Schlegel's Dictionary -- Van de Stadt's Hakka Dictionary (1912) -- Chapter 12 -- Working as Interpreters and Translators -- The Interpreters' Directive of 1863 -- Working as Interpreters -- Replacement by Ethnic Chinese Interpreters -- Working as Translators -- The Establishment of a Chinese Printing Facility in Batavia (1862) -- Some Problems of Legal Translation -- The Techniques of Translation -- Translating and Excerpting Chinese Account Books -- Private Translation and Interpreting -- Chapter 13 -- The Interpreters' Advisory Functions -- Extraordinary Members of the Orphans and Estate Chambers (1866) -- The Weak Position of the Interpreters as Advisors -- Reduction of the Number of Interpreters (1879) -- Relations with the Chinese -- Acting as Experts on Chinese Law and Customs for the Courts -- A Mystification -- The Chinese Oath -- Chapter 14 -- Studies and Missions -- Studies and Publications -- Study Missions -- Secret Societies -- Arranging the Emigration of Coolies -- Other Coolie Matters -- Chapter 15 -- The Reform of 1896 -- Officials for Chinese Affairs -- Other Administrative Functions -- Leaving the Interpreter Corps -- Epilogue -- Conclusion -- Appendix A Teachers and Chinese Names -- Learning to Speak Hokkien -- Learning to Speak Other Dialects -- Studying Written Chinese -- Translations by De Grijs -- The Students' Libraries -- Chapter 4 -- Contributions to Science -- De Grijs Collecting Flora -- Schlegel Collecting Fauna -- Buddingh Collecting Fauna -- Chapter 5 -- De Grijs and the Sino-Dutch Treaty of Tientsin (1863) -- The Need of a Treaty with China -- Preparing for the Embassy -- In Tientsin -- The Negotiations -- De Grijs' Visit to Peking -- Travel to Holland and back to China -- The Exchange of Ratifications -- Later Developments for De Grijs -- Chapter 6 -- Chinese Teachers/Clerks in the Indies -- The Origin of the Teacher System -- The First Teachers -- A Raise in Salary for the Teachers -- The Quality of the Teachers -- The Discharge of Teachers -- Reports on the Need of a Teacher/Clerk -- The Final Regulation of the Teacher System (1866) -- The Teachers Tan Siu Eng and Jo Hoae Giok -- Later Developments -- Engaging a Second Language Teacher -- Chapter 7 -- Studying Chinese in Batavia and China (1864-1877) -- A New Training Programme (1864-1867) -- The Examination System and the Choice of Dialect (1868-1870) -- The First Student-Interpreter in Batavia: J.J. Roelofs (1871-1872) -- The Second Student-Interpreter in Batavia: J.W. Young (1873-1875) -- The Failure and Success of the Batavian System -- Chapter 8 -- Schlegel and his Students in Leiden (1873-1878) -- Schlegel's Proposal for a New Training Course in Leiden (1873) -- Schlegel's and Hoffmann's Advice -- The First Examination: Hoetink, De Groot, and Stuart (1873) -- The Motivation to Study Chinese -- Schlegel's Teaching Methods -- The Second Examination: Van der Spek, Moll, and De Jongh (1875) -- Schlegel Becomes a Titular Professor (1875) -- Student Life in Leiden -- The Graduation of the First Group (1876) Schlegel's Transcription System of Tsiangtsiu and Amoy Dialects Compared with Other Systems