The discovery of the periodic table of the chemical elements: A short journey from the beginnings until today (essentials)

150 years ago, in 1869, D. I. Mendeleev and L. Meyer independently published their ideas on the arrangement of the chemical elements in a periodic system. The United Nations and UNESCO therefore declared 2019 the "International Year of the Periodic Table". The question arises, what is so special about this "simple table"? Join the author on a short journey to the history of the periodic table. Learn about its predecessors and look at how the periodic table of elements has evolved over the years. Discover the periodic properties of the elements. Learn what makes the periodic table so interesting and timeless, and see what other ideas there are and have been for representing it. The content Atomic theories, atomic structure and atomic masses Early attempts to systematize the elements Mendeleev's periodic table and periodicities of the elements Alternative periodic systems The target groups Students and lecturers of chemistry, especially history of chemistry Teachers and students as well as those interested in the history of chemistry The author Torsten Schmiermund has been working as a chemical technician in the chemical industry for many years. This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation What You Can Find in This essential Contents Introduction Reference History of the Periodic Table 2.1 The Atomic Theory 2.2 The Atomic Masses 2.3 Early Attempts at Systematization 2.3.1 Prout ́s Original Substance Theory 2.3.2 Döbereiner ́s Triad Theory 2.3.3 De Chancourtois ́ Cylinder 2.3.4 Odling ́s Classification System 2.3.5 Newland ́s Octave Law 2.4 Mendeleev ́s Table 2.5 Mendeleev ́s Predictions 2.6 Mendeleev or Meyer? 2.7 Further Development of PTE The Atomic Structure 3.1 Structure of the Atomic Nucleus 3.2 Structure of the Atomic Shell 3.2.1 Atomic Model According to Bohr 3.2.2 Bohr-Sommerfeld Atomic Model 3.2.3 Orbital Model 3.3 Occupation of the Atomic Shell with Electrons The Periodicity 4.1 Periodicity of Physical Properties 4.1.1 Atomic Volume 4.1.2 Ionisation Energy 4.1.3 Electron Affinity 4.1.4 Other Periodic Physical Properties 4.2 Periodicity of Chemical Properties 4.2.1 Electronegativity 4.2.2 Valence and Oxidation Number 4.2.3 Acidic or Basic Character of the Oxides and Hydrides 4.3 Summary of Periodicity Today ́s PSE Other Forms of the Periodic Table 6.1 Periodic Tables in ``Old Form ́ ́ 6.2 Periodic Table According to Thomsen and Bohr 6.3 Loops and Spirals 6.4 Short-Period Systems 6.5 Periodic Table According to A. V. Antropov 6.6 Split Long-Period System What You Learned from This essential References