The Development of Islamic Ritual (The Formation of the Classical Islamic World)

This volume is concerned with the origins, development and character of ritual in Islam. The focus is upon the rituals associated with the five 'pillars of Islam': the credal formula, prayer, alms, fasting and pilgrimage. Since the 19th century academic scholarship has sought to investigate Muslim rituals from the point of view of history, the study of religion, and the social sciences, and a set of the most important and influential contributions to this debate, some of them translated into English for the first time, is brought together here. Participation in the ritual life of Islam is for most Muslims the predominant expression of their adherence to the faith and of their religious identity. The Development of Islamic Ritual shows some of the ways in which this important aspect of Islam developed to maturity in the first centuries of Islamic history. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 Acknowledgements 8 General Editor's Preface 12 Introduction 14 The Credal Formula 42 1. On the Pre-history of the Credal Formula "There is no God but God" 44 2. On the Genesis and Development of the Twelver-Shī'ī Three-tenet Shahādah 64 Prayer 72 3. The Sabbath Institution in Islam 74 4. On the History of Muslim Worship 90 5. The Origin of the Muslim Laws of Ritual Purity 116 6. The Development of the Adhān and Iqāma of the Ṣalāt in Early Islam 136 7. Morning and Evening Prayers in Early Islam 146 Fasting 172 8. Fasting in Islam and Judaism 174 9. Ramadan, the Muslim Month of Fasting 192 10. The Tawwābūn, Atonement and 'Āshūrā' 214 Alms 230 11. On the Institution of Zakāt 231 12. Charity and Social Service in Medieval Islam 251 13. Zakāt in Imāmī Shī'ī Jurisprudence, from the Tenth to the Sixteenth century A.D. 263 Pilgrimage 277 14. The Meccan Feast 279 15. The Religious Dialectics of the Ḥadjdj 303 General Considerations 331 16. Islamic Duties in History 333 17. Muslim Festivals 357 18. The Flagellations of Muḥarram and the Shi'ite 'Ulamā' 371 19. Islam in the Mirror of Ritual 389 General Index 408 The,development,of,Islamic,ritual