The Development of Child Protection Systems in the Post-Soviet States: A Twenty Five Years Perspective (Child Maltreatment, 12)

This volume provides an understanding of how systems of child protection evolve in disparate cultural, social and economic contexts. Using the former Soviet Union as a starting point, it examines how 13 countries have developed, defined and evolved their system of protecting children and providing services to families over the last 25 years since independence. The volume runs an uniform approach in each country and then traces the development of unique systems, contributing to the international understanding of child protection and welfare. This volume is a fascinating study for social scientists, social workers, policy makers with particular interest to those focusing on children, youth, and family issues alike as each chapter offers a clear and compelling view of the central changes, competing claims and guiding assumptions that have formed each countries individual approach to child protection and family services. Acknowledgments Introduction Introduction A Step Back in Time: What was Child Protection in the Soviet Union? How This Project Evolved: Moscow, November 2019 References Contents Chapter 1: Armenia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Definition of a Child 1.3 Institutional Care 1.4 ``Residential Care Homes ́ ́ or Boarding Schools and the Issue of Disability 1.5 Community-Based Care: Day Care and Inclusive Schools 1.6 Promising Practices for the Future Chapter 2: Azerbaijan 2.1 Introduction: The Context of Child Protection in Azerbaijan 2.2 Child Protection System 2.2.1 Existing Legislative Framework 2.2.2 Existing Child Protection Practice 2.2.3 Who Is a Child at Risk? 2.2.4 Main Actors and Mechanisms of Provision Child Welfare Services 2.2.4.1 NGOs 2.3 Alternative Care Models 2.3.1 Guardianship 2.3.2 Fostering 2.3.3 Small Group Homes 2.4 Best Practice Models 2.5 Transforming Child Adoption in Azerbaijan 2.6 Future Objectives 2.6.1 Gaps in Legislation 2.6.2 Lack of Child Centred Approach 2.6.3 That the Lack of Clear Responsibility at Central Government Level 2.6.4 The Lack of Data 2.6.5 Lack of Alternative Care Options 2.7 Conclusion Chapter 3: Estonia 3.1 Introduction: Overview of Estonia 3.2 Socio-economic Profile of Estonia 3.3 Social Benefits and Allowances for the Population 3.4 History of Social Protection of Children 3.5 Modern Child Protection System in Estonia 3.6 Children Who Are Under the Care of the State 3.7 Family Reunification Practices 3.8 Best Practices Further Reading Chapter 4: Georgia 4.1 The Development of the Children ́s Rights in Georgia 4.2 Legislation Directed at Protecting Children 4.2.1 Family Environment and Alternative Care 4.2.2 Prevention of Separation from Parents 4.3 Day Center 4.3.1 Alternative Forms of Care 4.3.2 Guardianship and Custodianship 4.3.3 Foster Care and Adoption 4.3.4 Adoption 4.4 International Adoption 4.4.1 Reintegration 4.4.2 De-institutionalization 4.4.3 Protecting the Rights of Children with Disabilities 4.4.4 Rehabilitation of Children 4.4.5 Early Child Development 4.5 Protection of Child from Violence 4.5.1 Economic Exploitation, Including Child Labor 4.6 Administration of Juvenile Justice Sources Chapter 5: Kazakhstan 5.1 Background 5.2 Legislation 5.3 Child Care and Child Protection in Kazakhstan 5.3.1 Institutional Care 5.3.2 Family-Based Care 5.4 Good Practice 5.5 Recommendations 5.5.1 Child-Centred Approach 5.5.2 In Law and In Practice 5.5.3 In Society 5.6 Conclusion Chapter 6: Kyrgystan 6.1 Introduction: Kyrgyzstan Short review 6.2 History of Civil Law in Kyrgyztan 6.3 Features of Child Protection in the Soviet Period 6.4 Modern Child Protection System 6.5 Promising Practices 6.6 Challenges Further Reading Chapter 7: Latvia 7.1 General Context 7.2 What Does the Principle of the Best Interests of the Child Entail? 7.3 How the Best Interests of the Child Are Determined and Relationship Between the Best Interests of the Child and the Princi... 7.4 Importance of Inter-institutional and Multidisciplinary Cooperation in the Best Interests of the Child 7.4.1 Cooperation Groups in Municipalities 7.4.2 Child ́s Home Project References Chapter 8: Moldova 8.1 Republic of Moldova: General Information 8.2 Modern Child Protection System 8.2.1 Definition of a Child or Youth at Risk 8.3 The Legal Framework in the Field of Child Protection and Protection from Distress 8.4 Significance of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child for the Development of the Child Protection System 8.5 Principles of Social Policy and Legislation in the Field of Child Protection 8.6 Creating a Child Protection System 8.7 Grounds for Temporary Placement of Children in Alternative Care Facilities or Substitute Families 8.8 Ensuring the Well-Being of Children by Non-profit Organizations, Private or Religious Organizations 8.8.1 UNICEF Moldova 8.8.2 Lumos Moldova 8.8.3 Alliance of NPOs Working in the Field of Social Protection of Children and Families (APSCF) 8.8.4 Amici Dei Bambini 8.8.5 Ave Copiii 8.8.6 Caritas Moldova 8.8.7 CCF Moldova 8.8.8 CIDDC (Centrul de Informare si Documentare privind Drepturile Copilului din Moldova) 8.8.9 Centrul National de Prevenire a Abuzului fată de Copii CNPAC 8.8.10 Concordia Proiecte Sociale 8.8.11 Femeia i Copilul: Protecie si Sprijin 8.8.12 Keystone Moldova 8.8.13 Misiunea Sociala ``Diaconie ́ ́ 8.8.14 Partnerships for Every Child 8.8.15 Centrul ``Speranta ́ ́ 8.9 De-institutionalization 8.9.1 Working with Foster Families, Responsible for Preparing, Recruiting, Selecting, and Training Foster Families 8.9.2 Working with a Biological Family: Procedure for Reuniting Children with Their Biological Families 8.9.3 Adoption, Procedure, Selection of Adoptive Parents 8.9.4 International Adoption 8.10 Best Practice Models 8.10.1 Problems Encountered in Addressing Issues Related to Child Protection 8.10.2 Factors Contributing to the Reform of the Social Protection System for Children 8.10.3 Key Aspects of Deinstitutionalization Further Reading Chapter 9: Russian Federation 9.1 Introduction: Overview of the Russian Federation 9.1.1 History of Social Protection of Children 9.2 Features of the Soviet Period 9.3 Modern Child Protection System 9.3.1 The First Stage from 1991, After the Collapse of the Soviet Union, to 2006 9.3.2 Second Stage from 2006 to the First Half of 2012 9.3.3 The Third Stage Began on June 1, 2012 with the ``National Action Strategy for Children ́ ́ Chapter 10: Tajikistan 10.1 Introduction: Overview of Tajikistan 10.2 Current Concerns About Children 10.3 History of Child Protection 10.4 Child Protection in the Soviet Period 10.5 Modern Child Protection System 10.6 Promising Practices 10.7 De-institutionalization 10.8 Challenges for the Future Chapter 11: Turkmenistan 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Social Protection of Children 11.2 Regulatory Framework 11.3 Institutional Framework of Social Protection of Turkmenistan 11.4 Social Protection: Cash Transfers 11.4.1 Challenges Chapter 12: Ukraine 12.1 Introduction: Ukraine 12.2 The Context of Child Protection 12.3 Child Protection in Ukraine 12.4 Challenges Bibliography Chapter 13: Uzbekistan 13.1 Introduction: Overview of Uzbekistan 13.2 Cultural and Historical Traditions 13.3 Development of System of Social Protection of Children under Soviet Conditions 13.4 Development of System of Social Protection of Children in Independent Uzbekistan 13.5 Promising Practices 13.6 Challenges Further Reading Index This book provides an understanding of how systems of child protection evolve in disparate cultural, social and economic contexts. Using the former Soviet Union as a starting point, it examines how 13 countries have developed, defined and evolved their system of protecting children and providing services to families over the last 25 years since independence. The book runs an uniform approach in each country and then traces the development of unique systems, contributing to the international understanding of child protection and welfare. This book is a fascinating study for social scientists, social workers, policy makers with particular interest to those focusing on children, youth, and family issues alike as each chapter offers a clear and compelling view of the central changes, competing claims and guiding assumptions that have formed each countries individual approach to child protection and family services