راهنمای جامع برای جنگو - توسعه وب به درستی انجام شده

This book is about Django, aWeb development framework that saves you time and makes Web development a joy. Using Django, you can build and maintain high-quality Web applications with minimal fuss. The goal of this book is to make you a Django expert. The focus is twofold. First, we explain, in depth, what Django does and how to build Web applications with it. Second, we discuss higher-level concepts where appropriate, answering the question “How can I apply these tools effectively in my own projects?” By reading this book, you’ll learn the skills needed to develop powerful Web sites quickly, with code that is clean and easy to maintain. The Definitive Guide to Django:......Page 1 Contents at a Glance......Page 6 Contents......Page 9 About the Authors......Page 29 About the Technical Reviewer......Page 30 Acknowledgments......Page 31 Introduction......Page 33 What Is a Web Framework?......Page 37 The MVC Design Pattern......Page 39 Django’s History......Page 40 How to Read This Book......Page 41 New Django Features......Page 42 What’s Next?......Page 43 Installing an Official Release......Page 45 Installing Django from Subversion......Page 46 Using Django with PostgreSQL......Page 47 Starting a Project......Page 48 The Development Server......Page 49 What’s Next?......Page 50 Your First View: Dynamic Content......Page 51 Mapping URLs to Views......Page 52 How Django Processes a Request......Page 55 How Django Processes a Request: Complete Details......Page 56 404 Errors......Page 57 Your Second View: Dynamic URLs......Page 58 Wildcard URLpatterns......Page 59 Django’s Pretty Error Pages......Page 62 What’s Next?......Page 64 Template System Basics......Page 65 Creating Template Objects......Page 67 Rendering a Template......Page 68 Multiple Contexts, Same Template......Page 70 Context Variable Lookup......Page 71 Method Call Behavior......Page 73 Tags......Page 74 if/else......Page 75 for......Page 76 ifequal/ifnotequal......Page 78 Comments......Page 79 Filters......Page 80 Philosophies and Limitations......Page 81 Using Templates in Views......Page 82 Template Loading......Page 83 render_to_response()......Page 86 Subdirectories in get_template()......Page 87 Template Inheritance......Page 88 What’s Next?......Page 92 The “Dumb” Way to Do Database Queries in Views......Page 93 The MTV Development Pattern......Page 94 Configuring the Database......Page 96 Your First App......Page 98 Defining Models in Python......Page 99 Your First Model......Page 100 Installing the Model......Page 102 Basic Data Access......Page 105 Adding Model String Representations......Page 106 Inserting and Updating Data......Page 107 Selecting Objects......Page 108 Filtering Data......Page 109 Ordering Data......Page 110 Chaining Lookups......Page 111 Deleting Objects......Page 112 Adding Fields......Page 113 Removing Fields......Page 115 What’s Next?......Page 116 Activating the Admin Interface......Page 117 Using the Admin Interface......Page 119 Users, Groups, and Permissions......Page 124 Customizing the Admin Interface......Page 125 Customizing the Admin Index Page......Page 127 What’s Next?......Page 128 Search......Page 129 Creating a Feedback Form......Page 132 Processing the Submission......Page 135 A Custom Look and Feel......Page 137 Creating Forms from Models......Page 139 What’s Next?......Page 140 Streamlining Function Imports......Page 141 Special-Casing URLs in Debug Mode......Page 143 Using Named Groups......Page 144 Passing Extra Options to View Functions......Page 146 Faking Captured URLconf Values......Page 148 Making a View Generic......Page 149 Giving a View Configuration Options......Page 150 Using Default View Arguments......Page 151 Special-Casing Views......Page 152 Determining What the URLconf Searches Against......Page 153 Including Other URLconfs......Page 154 How Extra URLconf Options Work with include()......Page 155 What’s Next?......Page 156 Using Generic Views......Page 159 Generic Views of Objects......Page 161 Making “Friendly” Template Contexts......Page 162 Adding Extra Context......Page 163 Viewing Subsets of Objects......Page 164 Performing Extra Work......Page 165 What’s Next?......Page 167 Template Language Review......Page 169 RequestContext and Context Processors......Page 170 django.core.context_processors.i18n......Page 174 Inside Template Loading......Page 175 Creating a Template Library......Page 176 Writing Custom Template Filters......Page 178 Writing the Compilation Function......Page 179 Writing the Template Node......Page 180 Setting a Variable in the Context......Page 181 Parsing Until Another Block Tag and Saving Contents......Page 183 Shortcut for Simple Tags......Page 184 Inclusion Tags......Page 185 Writing Custom Template Loaders......Page 186 Configuring the Template System in Standalone Mode......Page 188 What’s Next?......Page 189 The Basics: Views and MIME Types......Page 191 Producing CSV......Page 192 Generating PDFs......Page 193 Writing Your View......Page 194 Complex PDFs......Page 195 The Syndication Feed Framework......Page 196 Initialization......Page 197 A Simple Feed......Page 198 A More Complex Feed......Page 199 Enclosures......Page 201 Publishing Atom and RSS Feeds in Tandem......Page 202 Installation......Page 203 Sitemap Classes......Page 204 FlatPageSitemap......Page 205 Creating a Sitemap Index......Page 206 Pinging Google......Page 207 What’s Next?......Page 208 Cookies......Page 209 Getting and Setting Cookies......Page 210 The Mixed Blessing of Cookies......Page 211 Enabling Sessions......Page 212 Using Sessions in Views......Page 213 Setting Test Cookies......Page 214 When Sessions Are Saved......Page 215 Other Session Settings......Page 216 Users and Authentication......Page 217 Using Users......Page 218 Logging In and Out......Page 220 Limiting Access to Logged-in Users......Page 222 Limiting Access to Users Who Pass a Test......Page 223 Changing Passwords......Page 224 Handling Registration......Page 225 Permissions......Page 227 Groups......Page 228 Messages......Page 229 What’s Next?......Page 230 Caching......Page 231 Memcached......Page 232 Filesystem Caching......Page 233 CACHE_BACKEND Arguments......Page 234 The Per-Site Cache......Page 235 The Per-View Cache......Page 236 The Low-Level Cache API......Page 237 Upstream Caches......Page 238 Using Vary Headers......Page 239 Other Cache Headers......Page 241 What’s Next?......Page 242 The Django Standard Library......Page 243 Scenario 1: Reusing Data on Multiple Sites......Page 244 How to Use the Sites Framework......Page 245 Associating Content with a Single Site......Page 246 Getting the Current Domain for Display......Page 247 Getting the Current Domain for Full URLs......Page 248 CurrentSiteManager......Page 249 Flatpages......Page 250 Using Flatpages......Page 251 Via the Python API......Page 252 Redirects......Page 253 Via the Admin Interface......Page 254 A More Complex CSRF Example......Page 255 Using the CSRF Middleware......Page 256 django.contrib.formtools.preview......Page 257 Using FormPreview......Page 258 intword......Page 259 What’s Next?......Page 260 What’s Middleware?......Page 261 Middleware Installation......Page 262 View Preprocessor: process_view(self, request, view, args, kwargs)......Page 263 Built-in Middleware......Page 264 “Common” Middleware......Page 265 Session Support Middleware......Page 266 What’s Next?......Page 267 Using inspectdb......Page 269 Cleaning Up Generated Models......Page 270 Writing an Authentication Back-End......Page 271 Integrating with Legacy Web Applications......Page 273 What’s Next?......Page 274 Extending Django’s Admin Interface......Page 275 “. . . editing . . .”......Page 276 Customizing Admin Templates......Page 277 Custom Model Templates......Page 278 Custom JavaScript......Page 279 Creating Custom Admin Views......Page 280 What’s Next?......Page 283 Internationalization......Page 285 Standard Translation Functions......Page 286 Lazy Translation......Page 287 Specifying Translation Strings in Template Code......Page 288 Creating Message Files......Page 290 How Django Discovers Language Preference......Page 292 The set_language Redirect View......Page 294 Using Translations in Your Own Projects......Page 295 The javascript_catalog View......Page 296 Creating JavaScript Translation Catalogs......Page 297 What’s Next?......Page 298 The Theme of Web Security......Page 299 The Solution......Page 300 Cross-Site Scripting......Page 301 The Solution......Page 302 Session Forging/Hijacking......Page 303 The Solution......Page 304 Directory Traversal......Page 305 The Solution......Page 306 What’s Next?......Page 307 Deploying Django......Page 309 Shared Nothing......Page 310 Using Django with Apache and mod_python......Page 312 Basic Configuration......Page 313 Running a Development Server with mod_python......Page 314 Error Handling......Page 315 FastCGI Overview......Page 316 Running Your FastCGI Server......Page 317 Using Django with Apache and FastCGI......Page 318 FastCGI and lighttpd......Page 319 Running Multiple Django Sites on One lighttpd Instance......Page 320 Restarting the Spawned Server......Page 321 Running on a Single Server......Page 322 Running a Separate Media Server......Page 323 Implementing Load Balancing and Redundancy......Page 324 Going Big......Page 326 Turn Off Keep-Alive......Page 327 What’s Next?......Page 328 Cast of Characters......Page 331 Getting Started......Page 333 How Did It Go?......Page 334 David Cramer......Page 335 David Cramer......Page 336 Christian Hammond......Page 337 Field Name Restrictions......Page 339 DateField......Page 340 FileField......Page 341 FloatField......Page 342 SlugField......Page 343 null......Page 344 choices......Page 345 radio_admin......Page 346 verbose_name......Page 347 Many-to-One Relationships......Page 348 Many-to-Many Relationships......Page 350 db_table......Page 351 ordering......Page 352 unique_together......Page 353 Manager Names......Page 354 Adding Extra Manager Methods......Page 355 Modifying Initial Manager QuerySets......Page 356 Model Methods......Page 357 get_absolute_url......Page 358 Executing Custom SQL......Page 359 date_hierarchy......Page 360 fields......Page 361 list_display......Page 362 list_filter......Page 364 save_on_top......Page 365 search_fields......Page 366 Database API Reference......Page 367 Autoincrementing Primary Keys......Page 368 Saving Changes to Objects......Page 369 Retrieving Objects......Page 370 Filtering Objects......Page 371 Chaining Filters......Page 372 Query Methods That Return New QuerySets......Page 373 values(*fields)......Page 374 select_related()......Page 375 extra()......Page 376 QuerySet Methods That Do Not Return QuerySets......Page 377 get_or_create(**kwargs)......Page 378 count()......Page 379 exact......Page 380 icontains......Page 381 range......Page 382 The pk Lookup Shortcut......Page 383 Complex Lookups with Q Objects......Page 384 Lookups That Span Relationships......Page 385 “Reverse” Foreign Key Relationships......Page 386 Many-to-Many Relationships......Page 388 Deleting Objects......Page 389 get_next_by_FOO(**kwargs) and get_previous_by_FOO(**kwargs)......Page 390 get_object_or_404()......Page 391 Falling Back to Raw SQL......Page 392 Common Arguments to Generic Views......Page 393 Redirecting to Another URL......Page 394 Example......Page 395 Template Context......Page 396 Example......Page 397 Optional Arguments......Page 398 Example......Page 399 Template Context......Page 400 Optional Arguments......Page 401 Example......Page 402 Template Context......Page 403 Optional Arguments......Page 404 Required Arguments......Page 405 Archive for Today......Page 406 Required Arguments......Page 407 Template Context......Page 408 Required Arguments......Page 409 Template Context......Page 410 Optional Arguments......Page 411 Delete Object View......Page 412 What’s a Settings File?......Page 413 Altering Settings at Runtime......Page 414 The django-admin.py Utility......Page 415 Using Settings Without Setting DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE......Page 416 ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES......Page 417 APPEND_SLASH......Page 418 DATABASE_PASSWORD......Page 419 DEFAULT_CHARSET......Page 420 EMAIL_PORT......Page 421 JING_PATH......Page 422 MEDIA_ROOT......Page 423 ROOT_URLCONF......Page 424 SESSION_COOKIE_NAME......Page 425 TEMPLATE_DEBUG......Page 426 TIME_ZONE......Page 427 YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT......Page 428 cycle......Page 429 firstof......Page 430 if......Page 431 ifnotequal......Page 433 now......Page 434 regroup......Page 436 templatetag......Page 437 widthratio......Page 438 cut......Page 439 divisibleby......Page 440 floatformat......Page 441 length_is......Page 442 make_list......Page 443 removetags......Page 444 time......Page 445 truncatewords_html......Page 446 urlize......Page 447 yesno......Page 448 Usage......Page 449 diffsettings......Page 450 loaddata [fixture fixture ...]......Page 451 Serving Static Files with the Development Server......Page 453 sqlreset [appname appname ...]......Page 454 --settings......Page 455 --noreload......Page 456 --adminmedia......Page 457 HttpRequest......Page 459 QueryDict Objects......Page 461 A Complete Example......Page 462 Setting Headers......Page 463 Returning Errors......Page 464 Customizing the 404 (Page Not Found) View......Page 465 Customizing the 500 (Server Error) View......Page 466 Index......Page 467 Django, the Python–based equivalent to the Ruby on Rails web development framework, is hottest topics in web development. In The Definitive Guide to Django: Web Development Done Right, Adrian Holovaty, one of Django's creators, and Django lead developer Jacob Kaplan–Moss show you how they use this framework to create award–winning web sites. Over the course of three parts, they guide you through the creation of a web application reminiscent of chicagocrime.org. The first part of the book introduces Django fundamentals like installation and configuration. You'll learn about creating the components that power a Django-driven web site. The second part delves into the more sophisticated features of Django, like outputting non–HTML content (such as RSS feeds and PDFs), plus caching and user management. The third part serves as a detailed reference to Django's many configuration options and commands. The book even includes seven appendices for looking up configurations options and commands. In all, this book provides the ultimate tutorial and reference to the popular Django framework.