The Complete Lojban Language

A Logical Language Group Publication......Page 1 1.1 What is Lojban?......Page 9 1.3 What are the typographical conventions of this book?......Page 10 1.5 Acknowledgements and Credits......Page 11 1.7 Captions to Pictures......Page 12 1.8 Boring Legalities......Page 13 2.1 The concept of the bridi......Page 15 2.2 Pronunciation......Page 16 2.4 Some words used to indicate selbri relations......Page 17 2.5 Some simple Lojban bridi......Page 18 2.6 Variant bridi structure......Page 19 2.7 Varying the order of sumti......Page 20 2.9 tanru......Page 21 2.10 Description sumti......Page 23 2.12 The sumti di'u and la'e di'u......Page 24 2.14 Vocatives and commands......Page 25 2.15 Questions......Page 26 2.16 Indicators......Page 28 2.17 Tenses......Page 29 2.18 Lojban grammatical terms......Page 30 3.1 Orthography......Page 33 3.2 Basic Phonetics......Page 34 3.3 The Special Lojban Characters......Page 35 3.4 Diphthongs and Syllabic Consonants......Page 36 3.6 Consonant Clusters......Page 38 3.7 Initial Consonant Pairs......Page 39 3.8 Buffering Of Consonant Clusters......Page 40 3.9 Syllabication And Stress......Page 42 3.10 IPA For English Speakers......Page 44 3.11 English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs......Page 46 3.12 Oddball Orthographies......Page 47 4.1 Introductory......Page 49 4.2 cmavo......Page 50 4.3 brivla......Page 52 4.4 gismu......Page 53 4.5 lujvo......Page 54 4.6 rafsi......Page 56 4.7 fu'ivla......Page 60 4.8 cmene......Page 63 4.9 Rules for inserting pauses......Page 66 4.10 Considerations for making lujvo......Page 67 4.11 The lujvo-making algorithm......Page 68 4.12 The lujvo scoring algorithm......Page 69 4.13 lujvo-making examples......Page 70 4.14 The gismu creation algorithm......Page 71 4.15 Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu......Page 73 4.16 rafsi fu'ivla: a proposal......Page 76 5.1 Lojban content words: brivla......Page 79 5.2 Simple tanru......Page 80 5.3 Three-part tanru grouping with bo......Page 82 5.4 Complex tanru grouping......Page 83 5.5 Complex tanru with ke and ke'e......Page 84 5.6 Logical connection within tanru......Page 85 5.7 Linked sumti: be-bei-be'o......Page 88 5.8 Inversion of tanru: co......Page 91 5.9 Other kinds of simple selbri......Page 94 5.10 selbri based on sumti: me......Page 95 5.11 Conversion of simple selbri......Page 97 5.12 Scalar negation of selbri......Page 98 5.13 Tenses and bridi negation......Page 100 5.14 Some types of asymmetrical tanru......Page 101 5.15 Some types of symmetrical tanru......Page 108 5.16 “Pretty little girls' school”: forty ways to say it......Page 109 6.1 The five kinds of simple sumti......Page 115 6.2 The three basic description types......Page 116 6.3 Individuals and masses......Page 119 6.4 Masses and sets......Page 121 6.5 Descriptors for typical objects......Page 122 6.6 Quantified sumti......Page 123 6.7 Quantified descriptions......Page 124 6.9 sumti-based descriptions......Page 127 6.10 sumti qualifiers......Page 128 6.11 The syntax of vocative phrases......Page 130 6.12 Lojban names......Page 132 6.13 Pro-sumti summary......Page 134 6.15 Number summary......Page 136 7.1 What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?......Page 139 7.2 Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series......Page 140 7.3 Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series......Page 141 7.4 Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series......Page 142 7.5 Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko'a-series and the broda-series......Page 144 7.6 Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-series......Page 146 7.7 Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo'e-series and the co'e-series......Page 150 7.8 Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series......Page 152 7.9 sumti and bridi questions: ma and mo......Page 153 7.11 Abstraction focus pro-sumti: ce'u......Page 154 7.13 Pro-sumti and pro-bridi cancelling......Page 155 7.15 lujvo based on pro-sumti......Page 156 7.16 KOhA cmavo by series......Page 157 7.17 GOhA and other pro-bridi by series......Page 158 7.18 Other cmavo discussed in this chapter......Page 159 8.1 What are you pointing at?......Page 161 8.2 Incidental relative clauses......Page 163 8.3 Relative phrases......Page 165 8.4 Multiple relative clauses: zi'e......Page 168 8.5 Non-veridical relative clauses: voi......Page 169 8.6 Relative clauses and descriptors......Page 170 8.7 Possessive sumti......Page 172 8.8 Relative clauses and complex sumti: vu'o......Page 173 8.9 Relative clauses in vocative phrases......Page 175 8.10 Relative clauses within relative clauses......Page 176 8.11 Index of relative clause cmavo......Page 177 9.1 Introductory......Page 179 9.2 Standard bridi form: cu......Page 180 9.3 Tagging places: FA......Page 182 9.4 Conversion: SE......Page 185 9.5 Modal places: FIhO, FEhU......Page 187 9.6 Modal tags: BAI......Page 188 9.7 Modal sentence connection: the causals......Page 189 9.8 Other modal connections......Page 192 9.9 Modal selbri......Page 194 9.10 Modal relative phrases; Comparison......Page 195 9.11 Mixed modal connection......Page 198 9.12 Modal conversion: JAI......Page 199 9.13 Modal negation......Page 200 9.15 Logical and non-logical connection of modals......Page 201 9.16 CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms......Page 202 9.17 Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents......Page 203 10.1 Introductory......Page 207 10.2 Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA......Page 209 10.3 Compound spatial tenses......Page 210 10.4 Temporal tenses: PU and ZI......Page 211 10.5 Interval sizes: VEhA and ZEhA......Page 213 10.7 Dimensionality: VIhA......Page 215 10.8 Movement in space: MOhI......Page 216 10.9 Interval properties: TAhE and roi......Page 217 10.10 Event contours: ZAhO and re'u......Page 219 10.11 Space interval modifiers: FEhE......Page 222 10.12 Tenses as sumti tcita......Page 223 10.13 Sticky and multiple tenses: KI......Page 225 10.14 Story time......Page 227 10.15 Tenses in subordinate bridi......Page 229 10.16 Tense relations between sentences......Page 230 10.17 Tensed logical connectives......Page 232 10.18 Tense negation......Page 234 10.19 Actuality, potentiality, capability: CAhA......Page 235 10.20 Logical and non-logical connections between tenses......Page 237 10.21 Sub-events......Page 238 10.22 Conversion of sumti tcita: JAI......Page 239 10.23 Tenses versus modals......Page 240 10.24 Tense questions: cu'e......Page 242 10.25 Explicit magnitudes......Page 243 10.27 Summary of tense selma'o......Page 244 10.28 List of spatial directions and direction-like relations......Page 245 11.1 The syntax of abstraction......Page 247 11.2 Event abstraction......Page 248 11.3 Types of event abstractions......Page 250 11.4 Property abstractions......Page 251 11.5 Amount abstractions......Page 253 11.6 Truth-value abstraction: jei......Page 254 11.7 Predication/sentence abstraction......Page 255 11.8 Indirect questions......Page 256 11.9 Minor abstraction types......Page 258 11.10 Lojban sumti raising......Page 259 11.11 Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses......Page 260 11.12 Abstractor connection......Page 261 11.13 Table of abstractors......Page 262 12.1 Why have lujvo?......Page 263 12.2 The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour......Page 264 12.3 The meaning of lujvo......Page 266 12.5 Symmetrical and asymmetrical lujvo......Page 267 12.6 Dependent places......Page 269 12.7 Ordering lujvo places.......Page 271 12.8 lujvo with more than two parts.......Page 272 12.9 Eliding SE rafsi from seltau......Page 273 12.11 Eliding KE and KEhE rafsi from lujvo......Page 274 12.12 Abstract lujvo......Page 275 12.13 Implicit-abstraction lujvo......Page 277 12.14 Anomalous lujvo......Page 279 12.15 Comparatives and superlatives......Page 280 12.16 Notes on gismu place structures......Page 283 13.1 What are attitudinal indicators?......Page 285 13.2 Pure emotion indicators......Page 287 13.3 Propositional attitude indicators......Page 289 13.4 Attitudes as scales......Page 292 13.6 Emotional categories......Page 294 13.7 Attitudinal modifiers......Page 295 13.8 Compound indicators......Page 298 13.9 The uses of indicators......Page 299 13.10 Attitude questions; empathy; attitude contours......Page 300 13.11 Evidentials......Page 302 13.12 Discursives......Page 304 13.13 Miscellaneous indicators......Page 307 13.14 Vocative scales......Page 309 13.15 A sample dialogue......Page 312 13.16 Tentative conclusion......Page 314 14.1 Logical connection and truth tables......Page 317 14.3 The six types of logical connectives......Page 319 14.4 Logical connection of bridi......Page 320 14.5 Forethought bridi connection......Page 322 14.6 sumti connection......Page 324 14.7 More than two propositions......Page 325 14.8 Grouping of afterthought connectives......Page 326 14.9 Compound bridi......Page 328 14.10 Multiple compound bridi......Page 330 14.11 Termset logical connection......Page 332 14.12 Logical connection within tanru......Page 333 14.13 Truth questions and connective questions......Page 335 14.14 Non-logical connectives......Page 338 14.15 More about non-logical connectives......Page 341 14.16 Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection......Page 343 14.17 Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso......Page 346 14.18 Tenses, modals, and logical connection......Page 347 14.19 Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions......Page 350 14.21 Truth functions and corresponding logical connectives......Page 351 14.23 Locations of other tables......Page 352 15.1 Introductory......Page 353 15.2 bridi negation......Page 354 15.3 Scalar Negation......Page 357 15.4 selbri and tanru negation......Page 360 15.5 Expressing scales in selbri negation......Page 363 15.6 sumti negation......Page 365 15.7 Negation of minor grammatical constructs......Page 366 15.8 Truth questions......Page 367 15.9 Affirmations......Page 369 15.10 Metalinguistic negation forms......Page 370 15.11 Summary – Are All Possible Questions About Negation Now Answered?......Page 373 16.1 What's wrong with this picture?......Page 375 16.2 Existential claims, prenexes, and variables......Page 376 16.3 Universal claims......Page 378 16.4 Restricted claims: da poi......Page 379 16.5 Dropping the prenex......Page 380 16.6 Variables with generalized quantifiers......Page 381 16.7 Grouping of quantifiers......Page 382 16.8 The problem of “any”......Page 384 16.9 Negation boundaries......Page 385 16.10 bridi negation and logical connectives......Page 388 16.11 Using naku outside a prenex......Page 389 16.12 Logical Connectives and DeMorgan's Law......Page 392 16.13 selbri variables......Page 394 16.15 Conclusion......Page 395 17.1 What's a letteral, anyway?......Page 397 17.2 A to Z in Lojban, plus one......Page 398 17.3 Upper and lower cases......Page 399 17.5 Alien alphabets......Page 400 17.6 Accent marks and compound lerfu words......Page 402 17.8 What about Chinese characters?......Page 403 17.9 lerfu words as pro-sumti......Page 404 17.10 References to lerfu......Page 405 17.11 Mathematical uses of lerfu strings......Page 406 17.12 Acronyms......Page 407 17.13 Computerized character codes......Page 408 17.16 Proposed lerfu words for the Greek alphabet......Page 409 17.18 Proposed lerfu words for the Hebrew alphabet......Page 410 17.19 Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters......Page 411 17.20 Proposed lerfu words for radio communication......Page 412 18.1 Introductory......Page 413 18.3 Signs and numerical punctuation......Page 414 18.4 Special numbers......Page 416 18.5 Simple infix expressions and equations......Page 417 18.6 Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)......Page 419 18.7 Other useful selbri for mekso bridi......Page 421 18.8 Indefinite numbers......Page 422 18.9 Approximation and inexact numbers......Page 424 18.10 Non-decimal and compound bases......Page 426 18.11 Special mekso selbri......Page 428 18.13 Subscripts......Page 431 18.14 Infix operators revisited......Page 432 18.15 Vectors and matrices......Page 433 18.16 Reverse Polish notation......Page 434 18.17 Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso......Page 435 18.18 Using Lojban resources within mekso......Page 437 18.19 Other uses of mekso......Page 438 18.21 Miscellany......Page 440 18.22 Four score and seven: a mekso problem......Page 441 18.23 mekso selma'o summary......Page 442 18.25 Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers.......Page 443 18.26 Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures......Page 444 19.2 Sentences: I......Page 447 19.3 Paragraphs: NIhO......Page 448 19.4 Topic-comment sentences: ZOhU......Page 449 19.5 Questions and answers......Page 451 19.6 Subscripts: XI......Page 453 19.7 Utterance ordinals: MAI......Page 455 19.8 Attitude scope markers: FUhE/FUhO......Page 456 19.9 Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU......Page 457 19.10 More on quotations: ZO, ZOI......Page 458 19.11 Contrastive emphasis: BAhE......Page 460 19.12 Parenthesis and metalinguistic commentary: TO, TOI, SEI......Page 461 19.13 Erasure: SI, SA, SU......Page 463 19.15 No more to say: FAhO......Page 465 19.17 List of Elidable Terminators......Page 466 selma'o BAI (Section 9.6)......Page 467 selma'o BIhI (Section 14.16)......Page 468 selma'o CAI (Section 13.4)......Page 469 selma'o CU (Section 9.2)......Page 470 selma'o FAhA (Section 10.2)......Page 471 selma'o FUhA (Section 18.16)......Page 472 selma'o GEhU (Section 8.3)......Page 473 selma'o I (Section 19.2)......Page 474 selma'o KE (Section 5.5)......Page 475 selma'o KUhE (Section 18.6)......Page 476 selma'o LEhU (Section 19.9)......Page 477 selma'o LUhU (Section 6.10)......Page 478 selma'o MOhE (Section 18.18)......Page 479 selma'o NIhE (Section 18.18)......Page 480 selma'o NUhU (Section 14.11)......Page 481 selma'o RAhO (Section 7.6)......Page 482 selma'o SOI (Section 7.8)......Page 483 selma'o TOI (Section 19.12)......Page 484 selma'o VEI (Section 18.5)......Page 485 selma'o VUhO (Section 8.8)......Page 486 selma'o ZEhA (Section 10.5)......Page 487 selma'o ZOhU (Section 16.2, Section 19.4)......Page 488 21.1 EBNF Grammar of Lojban......Page 489 21.2 EBNF Cross-Reference......Page 494 Lojban Word Glossary......Page 505 General Index......Page 527 Lojban Words Index......Page 571 Examples Index......Page 581