The color of asylum : the racial politics of safe haven in Brazil

**An ethnography of the difficult experiences of refugees in Brazil.** In 2013, as Syrians desperate to escape a brutal war fled the country, Brazil took the remarkable step of instituting an open-door policy for all Syrian refugees. Why did Brazil—in contrast to much of the international community—offer asylum to any Syrian who would come? And how do Syrians differ from other refugee populations seeking status in Brazil? In __The Color of Asylum__, Katherine Jensen offers an ethnographic look at the process of asylum seeking in Brazil, uncovering the different ways asylum seekers are treated and the racial logic behind their treatment. She focuses on two of the largest and most successful groups of asylum seekers: Syrian and Congolese refugees. While the groups obtain asylum status in Brazil at roughly equivalent rates, their journey to that status could not be more different, with Congolese refugees enduring significantly greater difficulties at each stage, from arrival through to their treatment by Brazilian officials. As Jensen shows, Syrians, meanwhile, receive better treatment because the Brazilian state recognizes them as white, in a nation that has historically privileged white immigration. Ultimately, however, Jensen reaches an unexpected conclusion: Regardless of their country of origin, even migrants who do secure asylum status find their lives remain extremely difficult, marked by struggle and discrimination. "In 2013, the world watched as Syrians desperate to escape a brutal war fled the country. Brazil took the remarkable step of instituting an open-door policy to all Syrian refugees. Why did Brazil-in contrast to much of the international community-offer asylum to any Syrian who would come? And how do Syrians differ from other refugee populations seeking status in Brazil, and why? In The Color of Asylum, Katherine Jensen provides an ethnographic look at the process of asylum seeking in Brazil, uncovering the different ways asylum seekers are treated and the racial logics behind their treatment. She focuses on two of the largest and most successful groups of asylum seekers: Syrian and Congolese refugees. While they obtain asylum status in Brazil at roughly equivalent rates, their journey to that status could not be more different. While Syrians travel to Brazil on visas and in airplanes, most Congolese refugees reach Brazil as stowaways on ships. Congolese migrants wait in long lines in unbearable heat to see immigration officials, while Syrians go through an expedited process. And while Syrian migrants reported a relaxed and comfortable environment while meeting with immigration officials, Congolese migrants were met with distrust and suspicion as they recounted the harrowing and traumatic stories of life in their home country. As Jensen shows, Syrians are treated so differently from other asylum seekers because the Brazilian state recognizes them as white. This dates back to Brazilian immigration policy that followed the abolition of slavery. Eager to "whiten" its population, Brazil welcomed a first wave of Syrian and Lebanese immigrants-a precedent that would affect the nation's policy toward Syrian refugees in the twenty-first century. On the other hand, anti-black racism shapes the experiences of Congolese and other African refugees and entrenches racial inequalities-even among those deemed worthy of safe haven. Jensen's comparative study arrives at an unexpected conclusion, however: even when migrants do obtain asylum status, Jensen finds that their lives remain largely unchanged, marked by struggle and discrimination"-- Provided by publisher Contents Introduction 1: Arrival: Asylum in Context 2: Waiting: Racial Conditioning and the Body 3: Seeing: Making Racial Sense of Claims 4: Knowing: White Logic and (Dis)Embodiment 5: Deciding: Speeding Up, Slowing Down 6: Caring: Racial Logics of Concern and Vulnerability 7: After: Refugee Apathy Conclusion: Racial Domination through Inclusion Acknowledgments Appendix A: On Data and Methods Appendix B: Figures and Tables Notes References Index