The Civilian Legacy of the Roman Army: Military Models in the Post Roman World (History of Warfare, 144)

"The Roman army represented an important social and organizational reference model for the Romano-Barbarian societies, which progressively replaced the Western Empire in the transition from Late Antiquity to Early Middle Ages. The great flexibility of the decision-making and organizational solutions used by the Roman army allowed the 'new lords' to readapt them and thus maintain power in early medieval Europe for a long time. From a perspective ranging from political, social and economic history to law, anthropology, and linguistic, this book demonstrates how interesting and fruitful the investigation of this specific cultural imprint can be in order to gain a better understanding of the origins of the civilization that arouse after the fall of the Roman world. Contributors are Francesco Borri, Fabio Botta, Francesco Castagnino, Stefan Esders, Carla Falluomin, Stefano Gasparri, Wolfgang Haubrichs, Soazick Kerneis, Luca Loschiavo, Valerio Marotta, Esperanza Osaba, Walter Pohl, Jean-Pierre Poly, Pierfrancesco Porena, Iolanda Ruggiero, Andrea Trisciuoglio, Andrea A. Verardi, and Ian Wood"-- Provided by publisher Front Cover 1 Half title 2 Series Information 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Contents 6 Preface 9 Maps 12 Contributors 13 1 Transformation of the Military in the Late Antique West 14 1 From Standing Army to Army of Obligation 14 2 Late-Roman Recruitment 15 3 Federates 17 4 Buccellarii 18 5 Patrocinium 19 6 The Armies of the Successor States 20 7 Munera Sordida 22 8 The Military Oath 23 9 Barbarians and Roman Military Office 25 10 Early Barbarian Law-Givers 26 11 Military Law in the Barbarian Codes 27 12 Pactus Legis Salicae 28 13 Gibichung Legislation 30 14 The Oath and Trial by Battle 31 15 Crimen Laesae Maiestatis 32 16 Conclusion 33 Bibliography 35 Primary Sources 35 Secondary Literature 37 Part 1: The Words of the Soldiers 41 2 Hospitalitas I: The Munus Hospitalitatis and Its Limits 42 1 Introduction 42 2 Immunitates Pertaining to the Munus Hospitalitatis 47 3 Services Owed by the Hospes 55 4 Conclusions 58 Bibliography 60 Primary Sources 60 Secondary Literature 61 3 Hospitalitas II: The Changing Meaning of Hospitalitas 66 1 Hospitalitas between East and West 66 2 Hospitalitas in Modern Theories of Barbarian Settlement in the West 71 3 Metamorphosis of Hospitalitas 74 4 The Visigoths 79 5 The Burgundians 85 6 The Ostrogoths 88 7 The Vandals 93 8 Conclusions 97 Bibliography 98 Primary Sources 98 Secondary Literature 100 4 Warrior Names and Military Language of the Westgermanic Peoples: Franks and Langobards 106 1 Names of Nobles, Kings and Warriors 106 2 Names of Peoples (Ethnonyms), Groups and Families 118 3 The Military Language of the Westgermanic Peoples: The Examples of the Franks and the Langobards 119 3.1 The Army and Its Detachments 121 3.2 The Warriors and Their Social Stratification 123 3.3 Horse Breeding and Riders 124 3.4 Weapons, Armament, Equipment 125 3.5 Fortification 125 3.6 War Actions 126 3.7 Warrior Mentality and Emotions 127 3.8 The Military Language of the Langobards 128 3.9 The Military Language of the Franks 130 4 Conclusions 134 Bibliography 134 Primary Sources 134 Secondary Literature 135 5 The Gothic Language of Warfare 140 1 Introduction 140 2 Organisation and Personnel 144 3 Weapons and Military Technique 151 4 Relationships with the Enemy 155 5 Warfare Attitude 157 6 Latin Loanwords 159 7 Final Remarks 159 Glossary 162 Bibliography 163 Primary Sources 163 Secondary Literature 164 Part 2: Social and Juridical Structures 168 6 Militia and Civitas between Third and Sixth Century CE 169 1 Barbari Dediticii and Citizenship 169 2 Access to Civitas in the Fourth and Fifth Century 182 3 The Justinian Period 188 4 Viritim Concessions and Veterans of Barbarian Origin 190 5 Conclusions 195 Bibliography 197 Primary Sources 197 Secondary Sources 200 7 Persecuting Latrones, Maintaining Disciplina 205 1 Introduction 205 2 The Frankish Centena: A Personal and Spatial Unit 206 3 Centenae and the Persecution of Robbers in Sixth-Century Gaul 212 4 The Centenae in Childebert II’s Decree of 596: The Historical Context 215 5 The Robber’s Execution ‘without law’ and the Late-Roman Velox Supplicium 217 6 Conclusion 225 Bibliography 227 Primary Sources 227 Secondary Literature 228 8 Soldiers’ Marriages: Before and after the Fall of the Empire 233 1 The Family Law of the Roman Soldiers in Late Antiquity 233 2 The Marriage Ban between Romans and Barbarians 236 3 The Ius Conubii of Barbarian Soldiers 237 4 The Provisions on Marriage of Some Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms: A) The Visigoth Kingdom and the Reign of Theodoric 240 5 The Provisions on Marriage of Some Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms: B) The Burgundians 245 Bibliography 248 Primary Sources 248 Secondary Literature 249 9 Soldiers’ Inheritance: The Testamentum Militis and Other Privileges 252 1 Introduction 252 2 The Imperial Privileges 253 3 How Soldiers Made Their Wills 256 4 Barbarians in the Imperial Army 259 5 Ancient Leges Barbarorum 262 6 Title 46 of the Pactus Legis Salicae 264 7 A Long-Distance Dialogue 269 Bibliography 271 Primary Sources 271 Secondary Literature 272 Part 3: Symbols, Rituals and Identity Models 277 10 The Cingulum Militiae in the Early Middle Ages: Between Status and Function 278 1 Introduction 278 2 Between Otherness and Assimilation: The Cingulum’s Shift from Sign of Service to Sign of Status (Fourth-Fifth Centuries) 280 3 The Cingulum in Ostrogothic Italy, from Theodoric to the Byzantines 285 4 The Use of the Cingulum by the Franks 289 5 The Cingulum in Lombard Italy: A Discontinuity? 294 6 Between Public Function and Christian Kingship: The Cingulum Militiae in the Carolingian Milieu 299 7 Conclusions 300 Bibliography 301 Primary Sources 301 Secondary Literature 303 11 Answering the Call to Arms: Lex Visigothorum 9.2 308 1 Introduction 308 2 The Leges Antiquae in LV 9.2 309 2.1 LV 9.2.1 Ant 309 2.2 LV 9.2.2 Ant 310 2.3 LV 9.2.3 Ant 310 2.4 LV 9.2.4 Ant 313 2.5 LV 9.2.5 Ant 314 2.6 LV 9.2.7 Ant 315 3 Wamba LV 9.2.8 315 3.1 Preamble 316 3.2 First Provision 317 3.3 Second Provision 321 3.4 Exemptions and Pretexts 324 3.5 Closing 324 4 The Time of Erwig (680–687) 324 5 LV 9.2.9 Erwig 325 5.1 First Provision 327 5.1.1 General Call to Arms 327 5.1.2 Penalties 328 5.1.3 Exemptions and Excuses 330 5.2 Second Provision 331 5.2.1 Penalties 332 5.3 Third Provision 333 5.4 Fourth Provision: Concerning the Exercitales 334 5.5 Fifth Provision: Corrupt Practices 335 6 Summary: Connections between the Antiquae, LV 9.2.8 Wamba and LV 9.2.9 Erwig 337 Bibliography 338 Primary Sources 338 Secondary Literature 339 12 ‘Traditionskern’, ‘Gefolgschaft’: More Questions Than Answers 345 1 Two Words to Begin With 345 2 Reinhard Wenskus and His Work 346 3 A Kernel of Tradition 350 4 Talking Tall and Drinking Wine 357 5 Traditionskern, Gefolgschaft: The Punchline 364 Bibliography 366 Primary Sources 366 Secondary Literature 366 13 The Lombard Army Between Myth and Reality: Farae, Arimanniae, Arimanni 373 1 The Arimannic Theory and the Frontiers 373 2 Arimanni and Exercitales, the True Lombards? 379 3 The Structure of the Lombard Army 381 Bibliography 386 Primary Sources 386 Secondary Literature 386 Part 4: Geometries of the Power and Military Justice 389 14 Laeti and Gentiles: Military Germanic Settlements in Roman Gaul 390 1 Introduction 390 2 Ethnic Districts and Auxiliary Units 393 2.1 Dediticii, One Status, Three Stage 393 2.2 Franci, a Common Name 397 2.3 Barbarian Panorama 399 2.4 Gentile Cultures 403 3 Imperial Barbarians: ‘Count Up Your Men’ 405 3.1 Demography of the Reserves 405 3.2 Civilian and Military Populations 412 4 Conclusion 414 Bibliography 415 Primary Sources 415 Secondary Literature 416 15 Personality of Law or Ius Speciale Militum? Around the Origins of the Leges Barbarorum 420 1 Romano-Barbarian Regna and the Principle of the Personality of Law 420 2 Criticism of the Traditional Approach 423 3 A Different Interpretation 425 4 The Ostrogothic Kingdom 429 5 The Co-existence of Barbarians and Romans: The Edictum Theodorici 433 6 The Burgundian Legislation 437 7 Between (Ancient and Modern) Customs and Royal Innovations: Solving Disputes 440 8 Conclusions 445 Bibliography 446 Primary Sources 446 Secondary Literature 448 16 Late Roman Military Justice and the Birth of Ordeal 453 1 Introduction 453 2 The Documentation 455 3 The Birth of Ordeal 457 4 Conclusions 461 Bibliography 462 Epigraphic Sources 462 Primary Sources 463 Secondary Literature 463 17 Collective Criminal Responsibility and Comrades’ Solidarity: From Roman Military Formations 466 1 Prologue 466 2 Associative Crime and Armed Band in Roman Law: From Edict of Lucullus to the ‘Lex Quisquis’ 467 3 Cases in Roman Military Justice System 473 4 Associative Crime and Armed Band in Ancient Germanic Law and Society 477 5 Difference between Roman (and Byzantine) Repressive Model and Early Germanic Legal Systems 486 Bibliography 489 Primary Sources 489 Secondary Literature 491 18 From the Roman Army to the Laws of the Kingdoms: Concluding Remarks 497 1 Between Paradoxes and New Approaches 497 2 From Tax to Land: Conditions of Settlement 501 3 Personality of the Law or Legal Pluralism 504 4 From Ius Speciale to the Laws of the Kingdoms 507 5 Conclusion 514 Bibliography 515 Primary Sources 515 Secondary Literature 515 Index of Names and Subjects 520 Back Cover 528