The City in an Era of Cascading Risks: New Insights from the Ground (City Development: Issues and Best Practices)

This book provides unique perspectives into newly changed political and socioeconomic urban landscapes due to COVID-19 in diverse cities and aims to provide ways to improve the resilience of cities using a global perspective, especially in a post-pandemic era. This book is divided into three sections with seventeen chapters overall. It explores the impacts of the COVID-19 on city planning, building, and maintenance; it considers city resilience and what urban risks cities are facing; and it examines urban development from diverse socioeconomic and political perspectives. The book contains multidisciplinary work by authors from China, African nations (Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria), Canada, Italy, Poland, and France. This manuscript provides a global perspective as cities from Africa, China, as well as some developed countries, such as France and South Korea, were used to collect data and information concerning urban development and risks, past, present, and future responses to COVID-19 as well as any other pandemics and cities' resilience. This book is a valuable asset to urban researchers, urban city planners, urban policymakers, public officials, undergraduates, and postgraduates interested in a comprehensive comparison between diverse socioeconomic and political cities with a unique global and post-pandemic perspective in order to improve urban city resilience. Preface Contents About the Editors Part I Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Cities 1 Appraising the Impacts of COVID-19 and Climate Change on Urban Residents 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Statement of Problem 1.3 Aim and Objectives 1.4 Literature Review and Conceptual Issues 1.4.1 Literature Review 1.4.2 Conceptual Framework 1.5 The Study Area 1.6 Methodology 1.7 Data Presentation and Findings 1.7.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics 1.7.2 Flooding Occurrences, Causes, Impacts, Coping Mechanism and Effectiveness of Flood Risk Management 1.7.3 COVID-19 Disaster Impact Assessment and Effectiveness of Management Measures 1.8 Conclusions 1.9 Recommendations References 2 Beyond COVID-19: Planning the Mobility and Cities Following “15-Minute City” Paradigm 2.1 Introduction 2.2 “15-Minute City” and City of Proximity Definition 2.3 The Impact of City Space on Well-Being: Importance of Proximity, Harmony and Accessibility 2.4 Proximity Cities Around the World and Takeaways 2.5 Conclusions References 3 Youth-Led Response to COVID-19 in Informal Settlements: Case Study of Mathare, Nairobi, Kenya 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Community-Led Response to COVID-19 Crisis: Why Youth Matter 3.3 Case Description: Youth in Mathare Responding to COVID-19 Crisis 3.4 Case Analysis 3.5 Conclusions and Lessons Learned References 4 COVID-19 in Angola’s Slums: Providing Evidence and a Roadmap for Participatory Slum Upgrading in Pandemic Times 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The Pandemic and the Vulnerability of Slums in the South 4.1.2 Participatory Slum Upgrading as a Mitigation Strategy 4.1.3 The Angolan Musseques in Times of COVID-19 4.2 The Socio-economic Survey on the Impact of COVID-19 on Slum Communities in Angola 4.2.1 Methodology 4.2.2 Key Findings 4.3 Pandemic Mitigation Strategies Through Participatory Slum Upgrading 4.3.1 The Potential of PSUP 4.3.2 Participatory Slum Upgrading in Angola’s Musseques in Pandemic Times 4.4 Conclusions References 5 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Response to COVID-19 in Africa: Towards Healthy Cities 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Background 5.1.2 Urban CSR 5.1.3 Statement of Problem 5.1.4 Research Aim and Objectives 5.1.5 Research Questions 5.1.6 Significance of the Study 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 The Concept of CSR and Healthy Cities 5.2.2 Attributes of a Healthy City 5.2.3 Conceptual Framework of the Role of CSR in the Formation of Healthy-Resilient Cities 5.2.4 The Case of Huawei 5.3 Methodology 5.4 Discussions 5.4.1 Overview 5.4.2 West Africa—Nigeria 5.4.3 East Africa—Kenya 5.4.4 Northern Africa—Algeria 5.4.5 South Africa 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 5.6 Future Works References Part II Resilience and Risk in Contemporary Cities 6 Southern Cities Between Rapid Urbanization and Increasing Need for Flood Mitigation Measures, The Case of Bujumbura, Burundi 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodology 6.3 Results 6.4 Discussions 6.5 Conclusions References 7 The Heritagisation of Social Housing, a Model of Ordinary Urban Resilience? 7.1 Introduction: For a Triple Shift in the Approach to Urban Resilience 7.2 Two Social Housing Neighborhoods Precursors of and/or Alternatives to the So-Called Urban “Sustainability” 7.2.1 The Garden Suburb of Stains, a Result of the Spread in France of the Garden City Movement 7.2.2 The Maladrerie in Aubervilliers, a Combinatory Architecture 7.2.3 Neighbourhoods Resilient to the Metropolitan Crisis of Working-Class Areas 7.3 The Recent Heritagization of Two Social Housing Neighbourhoods 7.3.1 In the Garden Suburb of Stains, an Heritagisation by Appropriation, by Designation [26] and by Local Authorities 7.3.2 In the Maladrerie, a Deep Heritagization by Appropriation of Residents 7.4 A Model of Popular Urban Resilience Based on Heritagization 7.4.1 The Resilience of a Quality Urban Environment, Both Built and Green, for Residents 7.4.2 A Symbolic Resilience of Social Housing Neighbourhoods 7.4.3 The Resilience of a Social Model 7.5 Conclusion: Popular Urban Heritagization and Resilience References 8 The City-State of Hamburg (Federal Republic of Germany): Metropolization, Port Functions and Urban Resilience 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.3 Hamburg, A Weakened Port Power 8.3.1 Hamburg, A World-City Born of a Port 8.3.2 A Complex Social and Political Structure: The Power of Political Power and Its Contestation 8.3.3 The Port in the Twenty-First Century: A Weakened But Decisive Function for the Functioning of the City-State 8.4 From the City-Port to the Metropolis: A New Local and Regional Anchorage to Recover Weakened Functions 8.4.1 The Twentieth Century, a Century of Disasters for Hamburg 8.4.2 Going Beyond Local Borders in the Twenty-First Century: Local Political Redeployment as a New Basis for a Metropolis on a European and Global Scale 8.4.3 Hamburg's Urban Intensification as the Driving Force of the Metropolregion Hamburg: Spatial Development and Symbolic Exacerbation of the Center 8.5 The Hamburg IBA Experiment: A New Tool for Resilience? What Prospects? 8.5.1 Why an IBA in Hamburg? 8.5.2 Ways and Lines of Work to Produce “More City” 8.5.3 Lessons and Prospects Opened Up by the Hamburg Case and the Hamburg IBA 8.6 Conclusions References 9 Small Towns Ageing—Searching for Linkages Between Population Processes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Materials and Methods 9.3 Analysis and Results 9.4 Discussion and Attempts to Interpret Processes 9.5 Conclusions References Part III Urban Development from Diverse Perspectives 10 China’s Integrated Urban–Rural Development: A Development Mode Outside the Planetary Urbanization Paradigm? 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Thesis of Planetary Urbanization 10.3 China’s Experience of Urbanization and Urban–Rural Integration 10.3.1 Conceptualizing China’s Urbanization 10.3.2 Viewing China’s Urbanization Through the Perspective of Planetary Urbanization 10.4 Urban–Rural Integration: An Outlier of Planetary Urbanization? 10.4.1 The Integrated Urban–Rural Development in Hangzhou 10.5 Concluding Remarks References 11 The Transport System as a Process of Territorial Development or the Risk of Social Segregation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Literature Review 11.2.1 Peri-Urbanization: Conceptual Framework and Explanatory Factors 11.2.2 A Failing Transport System: From Peri-Urbanization to the Accentuation of Socio-Spatial Segregation 11.3 Methodology 11.4 Results and Discussions 11.4.1 The Role of Public Transport in Urban Space 11.4.2 The Relationship Between Transport Urbanization 11.4.3 The Role of the Relationship Between the Transport System and Urbanization in the Accentuation or Production of the Phenomenon of Social Segregation 11.4.4 The Responsibility of Public Actors and Delegated Companies in the Segregation Process 11.5 Conclusions References 12 Location Choices of Micro Creative Enterprises in China: Evidence from Two Creative Clusters in Shanghai 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Micro Creative Class, Stakeholders, and Location Choice 12.2.1 Spontaneous and Policy-Led Creative Cluster Developments 12.2.2 Local Authority, Creative Class, and the Market 12.2.3 Location Choice in Theoretical and Empirical Discourse 12.3 Two Micro Creative Clusters in Shanghai 12.3.1 Creative Industries in Shanghai 12.3.2 Two Creative Industry Clusters-M50 and the Bridge 8 12.4 Research Findings 12.4.1 Micro Creative Enterprise Types 12.4.2 Enterprise Size, Origin, and Age 12.4.3 Entrepreneur Educational Attainment and Location 12.4.4 Main Location Choice Determinants 12.5 Conclusions References 13 On the Spatial Formation Mechanism and Inclusive Development of Tibetan Commodity Streets in Chengdu City 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Status of Tibetan Commodity Streets in Chengdu 13.2.1 Tibetan Commodity Stores in Chengdu 13.2.2 Temporary Stalls at the Night Market 13.3 Characteristics of Tibetan Commodity Streets in Chengdu 13.3.1 Distinctive Ethnic Traditional Culture 13.3.2 Typical Spatial Characteristics of Tibetan Commodity Streets 13.3.3 Obvious Localization of Tibetan Commodity Production 13.3.4 Less Related and Dependent Between Tibetan Commodities and the Needs of the Residents 13.4 Spatial Formation Mechanism of Tibetan Commodity Streets in Chengdu 13.4.1 Historical and Geographical Factors 13.4.2 Population Agglomeration 13.4.3 Inclusive Development of Urban City 13.5 Conclusions References 14 Rescaling of Chinese Urban Space: From the Perspective of Spatial Politics 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework 14.2.1 The Political Characteristic of Space 14.2.2 The Scale of Dividing Space 14.2.3 Systems within the Space 14.2.4 Limitations of Existing Literature 14.3 The Formation and Rescaling of Urban Space in China 14.3.1 The Space of Danwei: Scaling Under the Occupational Boundary 14.3.2 The Space of Community: Rescaling Under the Residential Boundary 14.4 Discussions 14.4.1 A Comparative Framework: Spatial Practice After Rescaling 14.4.2 A Further Step from the Community: The Space of Grid 14.5 Conclusions References 15 Global Cities and Business Internationalization: Towards a New Interdisciplinary Research Agenda 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Global Cities Theories 15.2.1 Theoretical Overview 15.2.2 First Theories 15.2.3 Global City as a Command Center 15.2.4 Global Cities as Coordination Centers 15.2.5 Global City as a Space of Flows 15.2.6 Global City as a Gateway to Sub-national Territory 15.2.7 Global Cities as a Post-Industrial Production Centers 15.3 Business Internationalization Theories 15.3.1 First Theories 15.3.2 New Theories 15.4 Global Cities 15.4.1 Global Cities and Business Internationalization: A New Interdisciplinary Research Agenda 15.4.2 Theoretical Framework Search 15.4.3 Global Cities Functions 15.5 Futures Avenues 15.5.1 Epistemological Paradigm 15.5.2 Research Methodology 15.5.3 Research Sampling 15.5.4 Data Collection and Processing 15.6 Conclusions References