The City by the Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln (Lincoln Archaeology Studies, 10)

This volume offers a new and up-to-date synthesis of Lincoln's long history as a major city and regional capital, from prehistory to 1945. The 'City by the Pool' was a major religious centre long before the Roman invasion and from bronze-age shamans to early Baptists people have always been attracted here for spiritual as well as mundane purposes. The authors argue for the presence of a major ritual causeway of the late Bronze and Iron Age and outline the extent to which ritual monuments also contributed to the character of Roman Lincoln. They hypothesise a Middle Saxon ecclesiastical and market site, at what later became Monks Abbey, and demonstrate that High Medieval Lincoln consisted of a ring of markets laid out around a reserved enclosure, housing the religious and secular aristocracy. They also reveal unexpected evidence for an urban concentration of early Dissenting communities, and finally, bringing the story up to date, they suggest that Industrial Lincoln was an entirely new city, and one not inaugurated until the 1840s - a century later than the date usually given. This book is based on more than a hundred publicly-funded excavations and building surveys undertaken between 1945 and 2000. It surveys all aspects of city life, from housing and fortifications to the water supply and rubbish disposal. It includes a CD Rom with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a relational data-base known as LARA (the Lincoln Archaeological Research Assessment). Acknowledgements v Summaries vii 1. Introduction / Michael J. Jones and David Stocker 1 2. Urban archaeological assessment in Lincoln – an introduction to 'LARA'. The scope and content of the present volume / David Stocker 6 3. Instructions for the use of the CD-Rom / Alan Vince 10 4. Geological and topographical background / Michael J. Jones and David Stocker 13 5. Settlement in the Lincoln area in the Prehistoric Era A) The archaeological account / Michael J. Jones and David Stocker 19 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 34 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Prehistoric Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 6. The Roman Military Era (c. AD 45 – c. AD 90) A) The archaeological account / Michael J. Jones 36 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 54 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Roman Military Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 7. The Colonia Era (c. AD 90 – c. 400) A) The archaeological account / Michael J. Jones 56 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 138 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Colonia Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 8. Lincoln in the Early Medieval Era, between the 5th and the 9th centuries A) The archaeological account / Alan Vince 141 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 157 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Early Medieval Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 9. The new town: Lincoln in the High Medieval Era (c.850–c.1350) A) The archaeological account / Alan Vince 159 Narrative outline 159 Topographical description of the city 170 Development within the walls in the Anglo-Scandinavian period 188 The development of the walled city c. 1150 – c. 1350 207 Settlement in the suburbs of the Upper City c. 900 – c. 1350 218 Settlement in the suburbs of the Lower City c. 900 – c. 1350 228 Outlying settlements 247 The city within: life and work in the medieval city 249 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 296 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the High Medieval Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 10. Lincoln in the Early Modern Era (c. 1350 – c. 1750) A) The archaeological account / Alan Vince 303 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 329 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Early Modern Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 11. Lincoln’s Industrial Era (c. 1750 – c. 1950) A) The archaeological account / David Stocker 338 B) The archaeological agenda. An introduction to the Research Agenda Zone entries / David Stocker 362 C) Research Agenda Zone entries for the Industrial Era – GIS and database on CD-Rom / David Stocker (on CD-Rom) 1.2 Afterword / David Stocker 370 13. Appendix I. Explaining LARA: The Lincoln Archaeological Research Assessment in its policy context 378 14. Appendix II. Complete list of Research Agenda Zone entries for all Eras 383 15. Bibliography 391 16. Index 412

This volume offers a new and up-to-date synthesis of Lincoln's long history as a major city and regional capital, from prehistory to 1945. The 'City by the Pool' was a major religious centre long before the Roman invasion and from bronze-age shamans to early Baptists people have always been attracted here for spiritual as well as mundane purposes. The authors argue for the presence of a major ritual causeway of the late Bronze and Iron Age and outline the extent to which ritual monuments also contributed to the character of Roman Lincoln. This book is based on more than a hundred publicly-funded excavations and building surveys undertaken between 1945 and 2000. It surveys all aspects of city life, from housing and fortifications to the water supply and rubbish disposal. It includes a CD Rom with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a relational data-base known as LARA (the Lincoln Archaeological Research Assessment).

Edited by David Stocker. There are two aspects to this publication. It is firstly a comprehensive synthesis of the information from excavations and building surveys in and around Lincoln, which endorses some established ideas but also proposes exciting new ones: the ritual nature of the area in the late Bronze and Iron Age, and its effect on the Roman occupation; a Saxon settlement and market site; the layout of medieval markets around the ecclesiastical centre; the development of settlements on the valley floor; a concentration of early Dissenting communities within the city; and, the growth of industrial Lincoln from the 1840s onwards. Presents a comprehensive synthesis of the information from excavations and building surveys in and around Lincoln.