The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics (The Latin America Readers)

__The Chile Reader__ makes available a rich variety of documents spanning more than five hundred years of Chilean history. Most of the selections are by Chileans; many have never before appeared in English. The history of Chile is rendered from diverse perspectives, including those of Mapuche Indians and Spanish colonists, peasants and aristocrats, feminists and military strongmen, entrepreneurs and workers, and priests and poets. Among the many selections are interviews, travel diaries, letters, diplomatic cables, cartoons, photographs, and song lyrics.Texts and images, each introduced by the editors, provide insights into the ways that Chile's unique geography has shaped its national identity, the country's unusually violent colonial history, and the stable but autocratic republic that emerged after independence from Spain. They shed light on Chile's role in the world economy, the social impact of economic modernization, and the enduring problems of deep inequality. The __Reader__ also covers Chile's bold experiments with reform and revolution, its subsequent descent into one of Latin America's most ruthless Cold War dictatorships, and its much-admired transition to democracy and a market economy in the years since dictatorship. The Chile Reader Makes Available A Rich Variety Of Documents Spanning More Than Five Hundred Years Of Chilean History. Most Of The Selections Are By Chileans; Many Have Never Before Appeared In English. The History Of Chile Is Rendered From Diverse Perspectives, Including Those Of Mapuche Indians And Spanish Colonists, Peasants And Aristocrats, Feminists And Military Strongmen, Entrepreneurs And Workers, And Priests And Poets. Among The Many Selections Are Interviews, Travel Diaries, Letters, Diplomatic Cables, Cartoons, Photographs, And Song Lyrics. Texts And Images, Each Introduced By The Editors, Provide Insights Into The Ways That Chile's Unique Geography Has Shaped Its National Identity, The Country's Unusually Violent Colonial History, And The Stable But Autocratic Republic That Emerged After Independence From Spain. They Illuminate Chile's Role In The World Economy, The Social Impact Of Economic Modernization, And The Enduring Problems Of Deep Inequality. The Reader Also Covers Chile's Bold Experiments With Reform And Revolution, Its Descent Into One Of Latin America's Most Ruthless Cold War Dictatorships, And Its Much Admired Transition To Democracy And A Market Economy In The Years Since Dictatorship. -- Book Cover No Better Land In The Whole Wide World / Pedro De Valdivia -- The Poetry Of Place / Gabriela Mistral -- Chile's Crazy Geography / Benjamín Subercaseaux -- Catastrophe And National Character / Rolando Mellafe -- Deforestation In Chile : An Early Report / Claudio Gay -- Catastrophe In Sewell / Pablo Neruda -- A Call To Conservationism In Chile / Rafael Elizalde Macclure -- In Defense Of The Forests / Ricardo Carrere -- Pollution And Politics In Greater Santiago / Saar Van Hauwermeiren -- The Inca Meet The Mapuche / Garcilaso De La Vega, Comentarios Reales -- A Conquistador Pleads His Case / Pedro De Valdivia, Letter To The King -- Exalting The Noble Savage / Alonso De Ercilla, La Araucana -- Debating Indian Slavery / Melchor Calderón And Diego De Rosales -- To Sell, Give, Donate, Trade, Or Exchange / Certification Of Indian Enslavement, 1657 -- Portrait Of Late Colonial Santiago / Vicente Carvallo Y Goyeneche -- From War To Diplomacy / The Summit Of Tapihue --^ The Insolence Of Peons / Mine Owners Of Copiapó -- A Revolutionary Journalist / Camilo Henríquez, Fundamental Notions Of The Rights Of Peoples -- An Englishwoman Observes The New Nation / Maria Graham, Journal Of A Residence In Chile In 1822 -- The Authoritarian Republic / Diego Portales -- A Political Catechism / Francisco Bilbao, The American Gospel -- A Literature Of Its Own / Alberto Blest Gana, Martín Rivas -- The University And The Nation / Andrés Bello, Address Delivered At The Inauguration Of The University Of Chile -- A Polish Scientist Among The Mapuche / Ignacio Domeyko, Araucanía And Its People -- German Immigrants In The South / Vicente Pérez Rosales, Times Gone By -- A Peculiar Race Of Men : Gold, Copper, And Sweat / Charles Darwin, Beagle Diary -- How To Run An Hacienda / José Manuel Balmaceda, The Landowner's Handbook -- A Franco-chilean In The Gold Rush / Pedro Isidoro Combet, Memories Of California -- The Worst Misery --^ Letters To The Santiago Orphanage -- A Race Of Vagabonds -- Augusto Orrego Luco, The Social Question -- Race, Nation, And The Roto Chileno / Nicolás Palacios -- The War Of The Pacific, 1879-1893 / Alejandro Fierro -- The Pacification Of The Araucanía / Pascual Coña -- Gallery : Chile And Its Others -- Balmaceda And The Civil War Of 1891, José Manuel Balmaceda And Arturo Alessandri -- The Politics Of Reform, The Manifesto Of The Democratic Party To The Chilean People, 1888 -- The Catholic Church And The Social Question / 1893 Pastoral Letter Of Archbishop Mariano Casanova -- Workers' Movements And The Birth Of The Chilean Left / Luis Emilio Recabarren -- Nitrate Workers And State Violence : The Massacre At Escuela Santa María De Iquique / Elias Lafertte -- Women, Work, And Labor Politics / Esther Valdés De Díaz -- The Lion Of Tarapacá / Arturo Alessandri -- The Decay Of Chile's Parliamentary Republic / Alberto Edwards --^ Military Intervention And The End Of The Parliamentary Republic / 1924 Military Coup Pronunciamiento -- Poetic Creationism / Vicente Huidobro -- Mother Of Chile And Poet Of Chilenidad / Gabriela Mistral Industrialization And Chile's Arab Immigrants / Interview With Juan Yarur And The Arab Community In Chile -- Social Change And The Crisis Of The Catholic Church / Alberto Hurtado, Is Chile A Catholic Country? -- I Told Myself I Must Find Work, I Cannot Continue Here / Interview With Elba Bravo, Domestic Service Activist -- Fundamental Theoretical Principles Of The Socialist Party / The Chilean Socialist Party, 1933 -- Chile's Public Health Crisis / Salvador Allende -- The Popular Front / Pedro Aguirre Cerda -- Rural Workers, Landowners, And The Politics Of Compromise / The League Of Poor Campesinos Of Las Cabras And The Sociedad Nacional De Agricultura -- Chile's Frustrated Development / Aníbal Pinto -- The Movement For The Emancipation Of Chilean Women (memch) / Interview With Elena Caffarena -- Autobiography And Poems / Pablo Neruda -- Miners' Strikes And The Demise Of The Popular Front / U.s. State Department Cables --^ Our Constitution And Our Laws Contain Iniquitous Precepts / Elena Caffarena -- Rural-urban Migration And The Founding Of A Santiago Shantytown / Juan Lemuñir -- Klein-sacks : Chile's First Experiment With Neo-liberalism (image) -- Between Capitalism And Communism / Eduardo Frei, The Mission Of Social Christianity In Chile -- Property And Production / A Brochure Promoting Christian Democracy's Agrarian Reform -- The Christian Left / Jacques Chonchol And Julio Silva Solar, Toward A Communitarian World -- The New Song Movement / Interview With Inti-illimani -- Lyrics Of The New Song Movement / Violeta Parra And Victor Jara -- Gallery : The Election Of 1970 -- The United States And The Election Of Salvador Allende / De-classified U.s. Government Documents -- A Mapuche Land Takeover / Peasants And Landowners Of Rucalán -- We Take The Factory / Workers At The Yarur Cotton Mill -- Informing The People / President Salvador Allende Gossens --^ Women's Power Against Allende / Interview With Carmen Saenz -- So That Chile Can Renew Its March Forward / Chilean Business And Professional Associations' Demands -- The Demands Of The People / Movement Of The Revolutionary Left -- A Treasonous History / A Group Of Retired Generals And Admirals -- United States Policy And Covert Action Against Allende / The Church Committee, 1975 -- Everyone Knows What Is Going To Happen / Radomiro Tomic To General Carlos Prats -- These Are My Final Words / President Salvador Allende Gossens -- The Military Takes Santiago / Peter Winn -- The New Military Regime Justifies Intervention / Government Junta Of The Armed Forces And Carabineros Of Chile -- Pinochet's Caravan Of Death / Patricia Verdugo -- Women And Torture / The National Commission On Political Detention And Torture -- Transnationalization Of Terror : Operation Condor / Us Federal Bureau Of Investigations -- The 1980 Constitution / Jaime Guzmán --^ Shantytown Protest / The Pobladores Speak -- The Chilean Women 's Movement / Julieta Kirkwood -- The Kids Of Barrio Alto / Alberto Fuguet -- Sexuality And Soccer / Pedro Lemebel -- Dictatorship As Revolution / Joaquín Lavín And Ernesto Tironi -- The Whole World Was Watching / The Observer Group Of The Latin American Studies Justice To The Degree Possible / Patricio Aylwin Azócar -- The Custody Of The Eyes / Diamela Eltit -- Legislating Gender Equality / Pilar Molina Armas -- Gallery : Social Movements In Transition -- The Credit-card Citizen / Tomás Moulin, Chile Today: Anatomy Of A Myth -- Chile's Greatest Addition To The Spanish Language / John Brennan And Alvaro Taboada -- I Never Looked For Power / Augusto Pinochet Ugarte -- Historians Critique Pinochet's Anti-history / Eleven Chilean Historians (also Signed By 73 Other Scholars) -- The Mapuche Nation And The Chilean Nation / Elicura Chihuailaf -- Growth With Equity / Alejandro Foxley -- The Politics Of Concertación / Alfredo Jocelyn-holt -- Chile : A Catholic Country? / Antonio Delfau, S.j. -- To Never Again Live It, To Never Again Deny It / President Ricardo Lagos, The Valech Report -- The Chilean Army After Pinochet / Army General And Commander In Chief Juan Emilio Cheyre Espinosa -- La Presidenta De Chile, President Michelle Bachelet, 2006- 2010 -- Gallery : Bicentennial Embraces. Elizabeth Quay Hutchison, Thomas Miller Klubock, Nara B. Milanich, And Peter Winn, Eds. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Contents 8 Acknowledgments 14 Introduction 18 I. Environment and History 26 “No Better Land,” Pedro de Valdivia 34 The Poetry of Place: “My Country,” Gabriela Mistral 38 Crazy Geography, Benjamín Subercaseaux 42 Catastrophe and National Character, Rolando Mellafe 47 Deforestation in Chile: An Early Report, Claudio Gay 53 “Catastrophe in Sewell,” Pablo Neruda 59 A Call to Conservation, Rafael Elizalde Mac-Clure 62 In Defense of the Forests, Ricardo Carrere 65 Pollution and Politics in Greater Santiago, Saar Van Hauwermeiren 69 II. Chile before Chile: Indigenous Peoples, Conquest, and Colonial Society 76 A Paleolithic Footprint 84 Chinchorro: The World’s Oldest Mummies 85 Diaguita Ceramics 87 Mapuche Textiles: Culture and Commerce 89 The Inca Meet the Mapuche, Garcilaso de la Vega 91 A Conquistador Pleads His Case to the King, Pedro de Valdivia 97 Exalting the Noble Savage, Alonso de Ercilla 102 Debating Indian Slavery, Melchor Calderón and Diego de Rosales 109 “To Sell, Give, Donate, Trade, or Exchange”: Certification of Indian Enslavement 115 Portrait of Late Colonial Santiago, Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche 119 From War to Diplomacy: The Summit of Tapihue 126 “The Insolence of Peons,” Mine Owners of Copiapó 134 III. The Honorable Exception: The New Chilean Nation in the Nineteenth Century 138 A Revolutionary Journalist: “Fundamental Notions of the Rights of Peoples,” Camilo Henríquez 146 An Englishwoman Observes the New Nation, Maria Graham 150 The Authoritarian Republic, Diego Portales 156 A Political Catechism, Francisco Bilbao 160 A Literature of Its Own: Martín Rivas, Alberto Blest Gana 164 The University and the Nation, Andrés Bello 170 A Polish Scientist among the Mapuche, Ignacio Domeyko 174 German Immigrants in the South, Vicente Pérez Rosales 180 The Beagle Diary: “A Peculiar Race of Men” Charles Darwin 184 How to Run an Hacienda, Manuel José Balmaceda 189 A Franco-Chilean in the California Gold Rush, Pedro Isidoro Combet 195 “The Worst Misery”: Letters to the Santiago Orphanage 200 “A Race of Vagabonds,” Augusto Orrego Luco 203 IV. Building a Modern Nation: Politics and the Social Question in the Nitrate Era 210 Audacious and Cruel Spoilations”: The War of the Pacific, Alejandro Fierro 216 A Mapuche Chieftain Remembers “Pacification,” Pascual Coña 222 Chile and Its “Others” 227 Race, Nation, and the “Roto Chileno,” Nicolás Palacios 230 Nitrates, Nationalism, and the End of the Autocratic Republic, José Manuel Balmaceda, Arturo Alessandri, and a popular poet 234 A Manifesto to the Chilean People, Democratic Party 241 “God Distributes His Gifts Unequally”: An Archbishop Defends Social Inequality, Mariano Casanova 244 Workers’ Movements and the Birth of the Chilean Left, Luis Emilio Recabarren 250 Nitrate Workers and State Violence: The Massacre at Escuela Santa Maríade Iquique, Elías Lafertte 255 Women, Work, and Labor Politics, Esther Valdés de Díaz 262 The Lion of Tarapacá, Arturo Alessandri 268 Autocrats versus Aristocrats: The Decay of Chile’s Parliamentary Republic, Alberto Edwards 273 Rescuing the Body Politic: Manifesto of a Military Coup 276 The Poet as Creator of Worlds: Altazor, Vicente Huidobro 279 “Mother of Chile”? “Women’s Suffrage” and “Valle de Elqui,” Gabriela Mistral 284 V. Depression, Development, and the Politics of Compromise 298 “Their Work Has Laid the Foundation for Greatness”: Chile’s Arab Industrialists 304 Is Chile a Catholic Country? Alberto Hurtado 309 “I Told Myself I Must Find Work, I Cannot Continue Here”: Interview with a Household Worker 314 Fundamental Theoretical Principles of the Socialist Party, Julio César Jobet 318 Public Health Crisis, Salvador Allende 322 “Progress for All Social Classes”: Campaigning for the Popular Front, Pedro Aguirre Cerda 326 Rural Workers, Landowners, and the Politics of Compromise, The League of Poor Campesinos of Las Cabras and the National Society of Agriculture 330 A Case of Frustrated Development, Aníbal Pinto 334 The Movement for the Emancipation of Chilean Women: Interview with Elena Caffarena 340 Poetry and Politics: Memoirs and “The Heights of Macchu Picchu,” Pablo Neruda 345 Miners’ Strikes and the Demise of the Popular Front: U.S. State Department Cables 352 States of Exception, Elena Caffarena 356 The Birth of a Shantytown, Juan Lemuñir 359 Klein-Saks: Chile’s First Experiment with Neoliberalism 365 VI. The Chilean Road to Socialism: Reform and Revolution 368 Between Capitalism and Communism: Social Christianity as a Third Way, Eduardo Frei 378 Property and Production: A Pamphlet Promoting Christian Democracy’s Agrarian Reform 381 The Christian Left and Communitarian Socialism, Jacques Chonchol and Julio Silva Solar 387 The New Song Movement: An Interview with Inti-Illimani 391 Lyrics of the New Song Movement, Violeta Parra and Victor Jara 396 The Election of 1970 401 The Election of Salvador Allende: Declassified U.S. Government Documents 405 The Mapuche Land Takeover at Rucalán: Interviews with Peasants and Landowners 411 Revolution in the Factory: Interviews with Workers at the Yarur Cotton Mill 418 The Chilean Revolution One Year In, Salvador Allende Gossens 425 Women Lead the Opposition to Allende: Interview with Carmen Saenz 431 “So That Chile Can Renew Its March Forward,” Chilean Business and Professional Associations 435 The Demands of the People, Movement of the Revolutionary Left 440 “A Treasonous History,” A Group of Retired Generals and Admirals 445 United States Policy and Covert Action against Allende, The Church Committee 447 “Everyone Knows What Is Going to Happen,” Radomiro Tomíc to General Carlos Prats 451 “These Are My Final Words,” Salvador Allende Gossens 453 VII. The Pinochet Dictatorship: Military Rule and Neoliberal Economics 458 Diary of a Coup, Peter Winn 468 “In the Eyes of God and History,” Government Junta of the Armed Forces and Carabineros of Chile 450 475 Pinochet’s Caravan of Death, Patricia Verdugo 479 Women and Torture, National Commission on Political Detention and Torture 484 Operation Condor and the Transnationalization of Terror, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 490 Protected Democracy and the 1980 Constitution, Jaime Guzmán 493 Shantytown Protest: Interviews with Pobladores 499 “There Is No Feminism without Democracy,” Julieta Kirkwood 512 The Kids of Barrio Alto, Alberto Fuguet 512 Sexuality and Soccer, Pedro Lemebel 518 Competing Perspectives on Dictatorship as Revolution, Joaquín Lavínand Ernesto Tironi 523 The Whole World Was Watching: The 1988 Plebiscite, The Observer Group of the Latin American Studies Association 537 VIII. Returning to Democracy: Transition and Continuity 546 Justice “To the Degree Possible”: The Rettig Report, Patricio Aylwin Azócar 552 Surveillance Within and Without: The Custody of the Eyes, Diamela Eltit 559 Legislating Gender Equality? Voices from Congress and Civil Society 563 Gender and Sexuality in Transition 569 The Credit-Card Citizen, Tomás Moulián 572 “Chile’s Greatest Addition to the Spanish Language”: Huevón, John Brennan and Alvaro Taboada 578 “I Never Looked for Power,” Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 580 Historians Critique Pinochet’s “Anti-History,” Eleven Chilean Historians 585 The Mapuche Nation and the Chilean Nation, Elicura Chihuailaf 593 Growth with Equity, Alejandro Foxley 600 So Conservative and Yet So Modern? The Politics of Concertación, Alfredo Jocelyn-Holt 606 The Catholic Church Today, Antonio Delfau, S. J. 610 “To Never Again Live It, To Never Again Deny It”: The Valech Report on Torture, Ricardo Lagos 613 The Chilean Army after Pinochet, Juan Emilio Cheyre Espinosa 617 La Señora Presidenta, Michelle Bachelet 620 The Bicentennial Generation 626 Selected Readings 630 Acknowledgment of Copyrights and Sources 638 Index 648 The Chile Reader makes available a rich variety of documents spanning more than five hundred years of Chilean history. Most of the selections are by Chileans; many have never before appeared in English. The history of Chile is rendered from diverse perspectives, including those of Mapuche Indians and Spanish colonists, peasants and aristocrats, feminists and military strongmen, entrepreneurs and workers, and priests and poets. Among the many selections are interviews, travel diaries, letters, diplomatic cables, cartoons, photographs, and song lyrics. Texts and images, each introduced by the editors, provide insights into the ways that Chile's unique geography has shaped its national identity, the country's unusually violent colonial history, and the stable but autocratic republic that emerged after independence from Spain. They shed light on Chile's role in the world economy, the social impact of economic modernization, and the enduring problems of deep inequality. The Reader also covers Chile's bold experiments with reform and revolution, its subsequent descent into one of Latin America's most ruthless Cold War dictatorships, and its much-admired transition to democracy and a market economy in the years since dictatorship.