The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers (14th Edition)

The 14th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style has now been superseded by the 15th edition. See below for a link to the new edition. The ISBN of the new 15th edition is 0-226-10403-6

Chapter One

Books and Journals

Overview 1.1 The Parts of a Book 1.3 Introduction 1.3 Page Numbers 1.5 Running Heads 1.9 Front Matter 1.16 [ TITLE PAGES 1.16 [ COPYRIGHT PAGE 1.19 [ DEDICATION AND EPIGRAPH 1.35 [ TABLE OF CONTENTS AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OR TABLES 1.37 [ FOREWORD, PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, AND INTRODUCTION 1.39 [ OTHER FRONT MATTER 1.43 Text 1.45 [ TEXT DIVISIONS 1.46 [ TEXT SUBDIVISIONS 1.53 Back Matter 1.57 Covers and Jackets 1.66 The Parts of a Journal 1.72 Introduction 1.72 Page Numbers and Running Heads 1.75 Covers and Home Pages 1.78 Front Matter 1.81 Articles and Other Components 1.87 Tables and Illustrations 1.99 Documentation 1.101 Index 1.103 Version Control and Material Not Available in Print 1.105 Design and Style 1.108 Considerations for Web-Based Publications 1.111

Overview

1.1 Books and journals as the core of scholarly publishing. Printed-and-bound books and journals and their electronic counterparts constitute the core of scholarly publishing. Book-length works in particular—in their breadth and variety, not to mention their long history—provide an overview of the anatomy of a scholarly work that, in conjunction with the discussion of journals (see 1.72–110 ), can be usefully applied to other types of published works.

1.2 Electronic publishing. Electronic publication of scholarly books and journals in various formats is increasingly common. Most journals at Chicago have implemented a simultaneous print and electronic publishing model (see 1.72 )—a model that has become the industry standard. For books, if print has remained the most common format, publishers are increasingly gravitating toward a simultaneous print and electronic model. In general, electronic books tend to emulate the organization and structure of their printed-and-bound counterparts, whether they are offered as page images or in an e-book format, proprietary or not—and whether or not they incorporate hyperlinks, search engines, and other features that are unique to the electronic environment. In fact, the industry-wide goal for e-book versions of printed monographs has been one of approximating on-screen the experience of reading the printed book. The discussion on the parts of a book—though it assumes electronic publication is an option for any scholarly book—therefore includes special considerations for electronic book formats only where these might differ from those for print. But see 1.111–17.

The Parts of a Book

Introduction

1.3 Rectos and versos. Publishers refer to the trimmed sheets of paper that you turn in a printed-and-bound book as leaves, and a page is one side of a leaf. The front of the leaf, the side that lies to the right in an open book, is called the recto. The back of the leaf, the side that lies to the left when the leaf is turned, is the verso. Rectos are always odd-numbered, versos always even-numbered. In an electronic book, the distinction between rectos and versos can be represented or simulated but need not be.

1.4 Outline of divisions and parts of a book. Books are traditionally organized into three major divisions: the front matter (also called preliminary matter, or prelims), the text, and the back matter (or end matter). The front matter presents information about a book's title, publisher, and copyright; it acknowledges debts to the work of others; it provides a way to navigate the structure of the book; and it introduces the book and sets its tone. The text proper comprises the narrative—including arguments, data, illustrations, and so forth—often divided into chapters and other meaningful sections. The back matter presents sources or source notes, appendixes, and other types of documentation supporting the text but outside its central focus or narrative. This section discusses the parts of a book according to a standard outline of these divisions and their components, starting with the list below. Few books contain all these elements, and some books have components not on the list. Books published electronically may depart especially from the order or presentation of elements. The list that follows presents the traditional arrangement, using lowercase roman numerals for pages in the front matter and arabic numerals for all the rest, including the back matter. Indications of recto (right-hand page) or verso (left-hand page) may be applicable only to printed-and-bound books; starting pages that cannot be assigned at manuscript stage are simply indicated as recto, the right-hand page being the traditional choice. Every page is counted in the page sequence, even those on which no number actually appears, such as the title and half-title pages, copyright page, and blank pages (see 1.5–8).

FRONT MATTER Book half title i Series title, frontispiece, or blank ii Title page iii Copyright page iv Dedication v Epigraph v or vi (Table of) Contents v or vii (List of) Illustrations recto or verso (List of) Tables recto or verso Foreword recto Preface recto Acknowledgments (if not part of preface) recto Introduction (if not part of text) recto Abbreviations (if not in back matter) recto or verso Chronology (if not in back matter) recto

TEXT First text page (introduction or chapter 1) 1 or Second half title or first part title 1 Blank 2 First text page 3

BACK MATTER Acknowledgments (if not in front matter) recto Appendix (or first, if more than one) recto Second and subsequent appendixes recto or verso Chronology (if not in front matter) recto Abbreviations (if not in front matter) recto Notes recto Glossary recto Bibliography or References recto (List of) Contributors recto Illustration Credits (if not in captions or elsewhere) recto Index(es) recto

Page Numbers

1.5 Pages and folios. Modern books are paginated consecutively, and all pages except endpapers (see 1.68) are counted in the pagination whether or not the numbers appear. The page number, or folio, is most commonly found at the top of the page, flush left verso, flush right recto. The folio may also be printed at the bottom of the page, and in that location it is called a drop folio. Drop folios usually appear either centered on each page or flush left verso and flush right recto. A page number that does not appear is sometimes referred to as a blind folio. Not paginated are pages that are inserted into printed books after pages have been made up—for example, color illustrations or photo galleries printed on a different type of paper (see 1.38).

1.6 Roman numerals for front matter. The front matter of a book is paginated with lowercase roman numerals (see 1.4). This traditional practice prevents renumbering the remainder of a book when, for example, a dedication page or additional acknowledgments are added at the last moment. By convention, no folio appears on blank pages or on "display" pages (i.e., such stand-alone pages as those for the half title, title, copyright, dedication, and epigraph), and a drop folio (or no folio) is used on the opening page of each succeeding section of the front matter (e.g., table of contents, foreword, preface).

1.7 Arabic numbers for text and back matter. The text, or the central part of a book, begins with arabic page 1. If the text is introduced by a second half title or opens with a part title, the half title or part title counts as page 1, its verso counts as page 2, and the first arabic number to appear is the drop folio 3 on the first page of text (see 1.45, 1.48). (Some publishers ignore the second half title in paginating their books, counting the first page of text as p. 1.) Page numbers generally do not appear on part titles, but if text appears on a part-title page (see 1.47), a drop folio may be used. Arabic numbering continues for the back matter. As in the front matter, the opening page of each chapter in the text and each section in the back matter carries either a drop folio or no page number. On pages containing only illustrations or tables, page numbers are usually omitted, except in the case of a long sequence of figures or tables.

1.8 Separate versus consecutive pagination across more than one volume. Publishers weighing pagination schemes for works that run to more than one volume should consider the index and the projected number of volumes. If an index to two volumes is to appear at the end of volume 2, consecutive pagination saves index entries from having to refer to volume as well as page number. In rare cases where back matter, such as an index, must be added to volume 1 later in the production process, lowercase roman folios may be used; these should continue the sequence from the front matter in that volume (including a final blank page)—if, for example, the last page of the front matter is xii, the back matter would start with page xiii. Multivolume works that run into the thousands of pages are usually paginated separately to avoid unwieldy page numbers. Index entries and other references to such works must include volume as well as page number. In either scenario—consecutive or separate pagination across volumes—the front matter in each volume begins anew with page i.

Running Heads

1.9 Running heads defined. Running heads—the headings at the tops of pages—function, like page numbers, as signposts. Especially useful in scholarly books and textbooks, they are sometimes omitted for practical or aesthetic reasons—in a novel or a book of poems, for example. Running heads are sometimes placed at the bottom of the page, where they are referred to as running feet, or, more rarely, in the left- and right-hand margins. In endnotes and other places where the information conveyed by these signposts is essential to readers, placement at the tops of pages is preferred. In this manual, running head is used for this element wherever it appears. For preparation of running-head copy, see 2.73 .

1.10 Running heads for front matter. Running heads are never used on display pages (half title, title, copyright, dedication, epigraph) or on the first page of the table of contents, preface, and so forth (see also 1.15 ). Any element that runs more than one page usually carries running heads. Each element in the front matter normally carries the same running head on verso and recto pages.

VERSO RECTO Contents Contents Preface Preface

1.11 Running heads for text. Chapter openings and other display pages carry no running heads (see also 1.15 ). The choice of running heads for other text pages is governed chiefly by the structure and nature of the book. Among acceptable arrangements are the following:

VERSO RECTO

Part title Chapter title Chapter number Chapter title Chapter title Subhead Chapter title Chapter subtitle Chapter title Chapter title Subhead Subhead Chapter author Chapter title

See also 2.73 . Chicago generally advises against putting the book title on the verso (partly to minimize complications from a last-minute change to a title)—though the practice of doing so has persisted, especially for works of fiction. In electronic books, verso and recto running heads, when they are not the same, are sometimes combined and separated by a colon or a slash or other device.

1.12 Subheads as running heads. When subheads in the text are used as running heads on recto pages and more than one subhead falls on a single page, the last one on the page is used as the running head. When subheads are used as running heads on versos, however, the first subhead on the page is used as the running head. (The principle is the same as for dictionary running heads.)

1.13 Running heads for back matter. Running heads for back matter follow the same pattern as those for front matter and text (but see 1.14 ). If there is an appendix, Appendix (or Appendix 1 or Appendix A, etc.) appears verso, the appendix title recto. If there is more than one index, it is essential that the running heads so indicate (Index of Names, Index of Subjects, etc.).

1.14 Running heads for endnotes. The running heads for a section of notes in the back of the book should give the inclusive page numbers or (much less useful for readers but more expedient for the publisher) the chapter where the relevant note references are found in the text. If chapter numbers are used, it is essential that the verso running heads in the text also give chapter numbers. Thus, two facing running heads might read:

VERSO RECTO

Notes to Pages 2–10 Notes to Pages 11–25 or Notes to Chapter One Notes to Chapter Two

For a fuller explanation, see 14.42.

1.15 Omission of running heads. Besides display pages in the front matter (see 1.10 ), running heads are omitted on part titles, chapter openings, and any page containing only an illustration or a table. (For the omission of page numbers, see 1.7 .) Pages that include lines of text in addition to an illustration or table should include running heads. Running heads may also be included in long sequences of illustrations or tables to keep readers oriented.

Front Matter

TITLE PAGES

1.16 Half title. The half title (p. i in a printed book, no folio) normally consists only of the main title (less any subtitle) and is usually counted as the very first page in a printed-and-bound book. All other information—including author name, publisher, and edition—is omitted.

1.17 Series title or frontispiece. The verso following the half-title page (p. ii in a printed book) is usually blank. But if the book is part of a series, it may include the title and volume number of the series, the name of the general editor of the series, and sometimes the titles of previously published books in the series. (A series title may appear on the title page instead.) If the book is the published proceedings of a symposium, the title of the symposium and the date it was held and other relevant details may appear on page ii. Some publishers list an author's previous publications on page ii; Chicago generally lists these on the copyright page and on the jacket or cover (see 1.20 ). Alternatively, page ii might carry an illustration, called a frontispiece. If the frontispiece is printed on a different stock from the text, and thus is inserted separately, it will not constitute page ii, though it will still appear opposite the title page, which is normally page iii (see 1.18 ). Page ii might also be used for a title page across pages ii and iii.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from The Chicago Manual of Style Copyright © 2010 by The University of Chicago. Excerpted by permission of The University of Chicago Press. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site. The new edition of the classic reference for all who work with words. Here is the thoroughly revised and updated edition of the one essential reference for all who work with words--writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers. Almost 200 pages longer than its predecessor, this edition reflects nearly every significant change in style, usage, procedure, and technology. It is easier to use, richer in illustrative examples, and informed everywhere by the presence of computer s in publishing, from manuscript preparation to editing, typesetting, indexing, design, and printing. The result of more than a decade's worth of continuous editing and revision, the changes to this edition fall into two broad categories. First are the changes designed to make editorial guidelines more systematic, more inclusive, more reflective of contemporary usage, and more accessible. There are major revisions in the chapter on quotations, which features a fuller discussion of speech and alternative punctuation; in the chapter on names and terms, expanded treatment of nationalities, tribes, and races; a reorganized chapter on foreign languages, with a new section on Hebrew; and a revised and enlarged tabular spelling guide for compound words and words with prefixes and suffixes. The most thoroughly revised is the section on documentation. What was scattered across three chapters is now more logically and concisely presented in two. Chapter 15 now covers the humanities style of documentation, and chapter 16, the author-date style preferred in the natural and social sciences. Notes and bibliographies are discussed separately, and there are many examples of ways to cite a range of material-- from medieval documents to computer programs, with guidelines for citing data bases, network billboards, and other electronic documents. The other set of changes emphasizes new developments in publishing, from new technologies for composition, design, printing, and binding, to the shifting responsibilities of author and editor in an age of personal computers. For first-time and self-publishing authors, there is also new information about the outside of the book: jackets, covers, and how to obtain and display ISBN numbers and bar codes. The chapter on copyrights and permissions has been rewritten by attorney William Strong to cover current laws, practices, and procedures, with a more substantial section on interpreting the concept of "fair use." Finally, the bibliography and glossary have been extensively revised. This revision process has been guided by a set of basic principles: consistency, clarity, literacy, good sense, and good usage, all of them tempered by a respect for the individuality of expression. These principles have worked successfully at the Press for a century; constantly renewed, they are what makes the Manual the authoritative voice of publishing. There is no other reference so valued or so necessary. Features of the new edition: The first revision in eleven years--updated, expanded, and reorganized to incorporate contemporary usage and technology Many more examples illustrate every chapter Documentation chapters completely rewritten for greater ease of use Discusses computer terminology through every stage of the publishing process--from preparing a manuscript to composition and printing Extensively revised and updated chapter on copyright and permissions Significantly updated chapters on quotations, names and terms, spelling, and indexing TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface vii; Part 1 Bookmaking ; 1 The Parts of a Book ; 2 Manuscript Preparation and Copyediting ; 3 Proofs ; 4 Rights and Permissions ; ; Part 2 Style ; 5 Punctuation ; 6 Spelling and Distinctive Treatment of Words ; 7 Names and Terms ; 8 Numbers ; 9 Foreign Languages in Type ; 10 Quotations ; 11 Illustrations, Captions, and Legends ; 12 Tables ; 13 Mathematics in Type ; 14 Abbreviations ; 15 Documentation 1: Notes and Bibliographies ; 16 Documentation 2: Author-Date Citations and Reference Lists ; 17 Indexes ; ; Part 3 Production and Printing ; 18 Design and Typography ; 19 Composition, Printing, Binding, and Papermaking ; Glossary of Technical Terms ; Bibliography ; Index Provides Information On Manuscript Preparation, Punctuation, Spelling, Quotations, Captions, Tables, Abbreviations, References, Bibliographies, Notes, And Indexes, With Sections On Journals And Electronic Media. The Publishing Process -- Books And Journals -- Overview -- The Parts Of A Book -- The Parts Of A Journal -- Considerations For Web-based Publications -- Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, And Proofreading -- Overview And Process Outline -- Manuscript Preparation Guidelines For Authors -- Manuscript Editing -- Proofreading -- Illustrations And Tables -- Overview -- Illustrations -- Tables -- Rights, Permissions, And Copyright Administration / By William S. Strong -- Overview -- Copyright Law And The Licensing Of Rights -- The Publishing Agreement -- Subsidiary Rights And Permissions -- The Author's Responsibilities -- Style And Usage -- Grammar And Usage / By Bryan A. Garner -- Grammar -- Word Usage -- Punctuation -- Overview -- Punctuation In Relation To Surrounding Text -- Periods -- Commas -- Semicolons -- Colons -- Question Marks -- Exclamation Points -- Hyphens And Dashes -- Parentheses -- Brackets And Braces -- Slashes -- Quotation Marks -- Apostrophes. Multiple Punctuation Marks -- Lists And Outline Style -- Spelling, Distinctive Treatment Of Words, And Compounds -- Overview -- Plurals -- Possessives -- Contractions And Interjections -- Word Division -- A And An, O And Oh -- Ligatures -- Italics, Capitals, And Quotation Marks -- Compounds And Hyphenation -- Names And Terms -- Overview -- Personal Names -- Titles And Offices -- Epithets, Kinship Names, And Personifications -- Ethnic, Socioeconomic, And Other Groups -- Names Of Places -- Words Derived From Proper Names -- Names Of Organizations -- Historical And Cultural Terms -- Calendar And Time Designations -- Religious Names And Terms -- Military Terms -- Names Of Ships And Other Vehicles -- Scientific Terminology -- Brand Names And Trademarks -- Titles Of Works -- Signs And Mottoes -- Numbers -- Overview -- Numerals Versus Words -- Plurals And Punctuation Of Numbers -- Inclusive Numbers -- Roman Numerals -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Names And Titles -- Geographical Terms. Designations Of Time -- Scholarly Abbreviations -- Biblical Abbreviations -- Technology And Science -- Business And Commerce -- Foreign Languages -- Overview -- Titles And Other Proper Names -- Languages Using The Latin Alphabet -- Languages Usually Transliterated (or Romanized) -- Classical Greek -- Old English And Middle English -- American Sign Language -- Mathematics In Type -- Overview -- Style Of Mathematical Expressions -- Preparation And Editing Of Paper Manuscripts -- Quotations And Dialogue -- Overview -- Permissible Changes To Quotations -- Quotations In Relation To Text -- Quotation Marks -- Ellipses -- Interpolations And Clarifications -- Citing Sources In Text -- Foreign-language Quotations -- Documentation. Documentation I. Notes And Bibliography. Source Citations : An Overview ; Notes And Bibliography : Basic Format, With Examples And Variations ; Notes ; Bibliographies ; Books ; Periodicals ; Interviews And Personal Communications ; Unpublished And Informally Published Material ; Special Types Of References ; Audiovisual Materials ; Legal And Public Documents ; Documentation Ii. Author-date References. Overview ; Author-date References : Basic Format, With Examples And Variations ; Reference Lists And Text Citations ; Author-date References : Special Cases -- Indexes. Overview ; Components Of An Index ; General Principles Of Indexing ; Indexing Proper Names And Variants ; Indexing Titles Of Publications And Other Works ; Alphabetizing ; Punctuating Indexes : A Summary ; The Mechanics Of Indexing ; Editing An Index Compiled By Someone Else ; Typographical Considerations For Indexes ; Examples Of Indexes. Appendix A. Production And Digital Technology. Overview ; Markup ; Design ; The Electronic Workflow ; Options For Presenting Content ; Print Technologies -- Appendix B. Glossary. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [907]-924) And Index. Here Is The Thoroughly Revised And Updated Edition Of The One Essential Reference For All Who Work With Words - Writers, Editors, Proof-readers, Indexers, Copywriters, Designers, And Publishers. Almost 200 Pages Longer Than Its Predecessor, This Edition Reflects Nearly Every Significant Change In Style, Usage, Procedure, And Technology. It Is Easier To Use, Richer In Illustrative Examples, And Informed Everywhere By The Presence Of Computers In Publishing, From Manuscript Preparation To Editing, Typesetting, Indexing, Design, And Printing. The Result Of More Than A Decade's Worth Of Continuous Editing And Revision, The Changes To This Edition Fall Into Two Broad Categories. First Are The Changes Designed To Make The Manual's Editorial Guidelines More Systematic, More Inclusive, More Reflective Of Contemporary Usage, And More Accessible. There Are Major Revisions In The Chapter On Quotations, Which Features A Fuller Discussion Of Speech And Alternative Punctuation; In The Chapter On Names And Terms, Expanded Treatment Of Nationalities, Tribes, And Races; A Reorganized Chapter On Foreign Languages, With A New Section On Hebrew; And A Revised And Enlarged Tabular Spelling Guide For Compound Words And Words With Prefixes And Suffixes. The Most Thoroughly Revised Portion Of The Manual Is The Section On Documentation. What Was Scattered Across Three Chapters Is Now More Logically And Concisely Presented In Two. Chapter 15 Now Covers The Humanities Style Of Documentation, And Chapter 16, The Author-date Style Preferred In The Natural And Social Sciences. Notes And Bibliographic Entries, Text Citations And Reference-list Entries Are Discussed Separately, And There Are Many Examples Of Ways To Cite A Range Of Material - From Medieval Documents To Computer Programs, With Guidelines For Citing Data Bases, Network Billboards, And Other Electronic Documents. Pt. 1. Bookmaking -- Parts Of A Book -- Manuscript Preparation And Copyediting -- Proofs -- Rights And Permissions -- Pt. 2. Style -- Punctuation -- Spelling And Distinctive Treatment Of Words -- Names And Terms -- Numbers -- Foreign Languages In Type -- Quotations -- Illustrations, Captions, And Legends -- Tables -- Mathematics In Type -- Abbreviations -- Documentation 1: Notes And Bibliographies -- Documentation 2: Author-date Citations And Reference Lists -- Indexes -- Pt. 3. Production And Printing -- Design And Typography -- Composition, Printing, Binding, And Papermaking. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 861-869) And Index. While digital technologies have revolutionized the publishing world in the twenty-first century, one thing still remains true: The Chicago Manual of Style is the authoritative, trusted source that writers, editors, and publishers turn to for guidance on style and process. For the sixteenth edition, every aspect of coverage has been reconsidered to reflect how publishing professionals work today. Though processes may change, the Manual continues to offer the clear, well-considered style and usage advice it has for more than a century. The sixteenth edition offers expanded information on producing electronic publications, including web-based content and e-books. An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystifies the process of electronic workflow and offers a primer on the use of XML markup, and a revised glossary includes a host of terms associated with electronic as well as print publishing. The Chicago system of documentation has been streamlined and adapted for a variety of online and digital sources. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book—including a return to the Manual's popular hyphenation table and new, comprehensive listings of Unicode numbers for special characters. With the wisdom of a hundred years of editorial practice and a wealth of industry expertise from both Chicago's staff and an advisory board of publishing professionals, The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, is an invaluable resource in this rapidly changing world. If you work with words -- no matter what the delivery medium -- this is the one reference you simply must have. - Publisher. This reference work provides information on manuscript preparation, punctuation, spelling, quotations, captions, tables, abbreviations, references, bibliographies, notes, and indexes, with sections on journals and electronic media. This 16th edition has been revised to reflect how publishing professionals work in the digital age; it provides new information and guidelines for electronic workflow and processes