راهبان سلستین فرانسه، حدود ۱۳۵۰-۱۴۵۰: اصلاح ناظر در عصر تفرقه، شورا و جنگ

The Celestine monks of France represent one of the least studied monastic reform movements of the late Middle Ages, and yet also one of the most culturally impactful. Their order - an austere Italian Benedictine reform of the late thirteenth century, which came to be known after the papal name (Celestine V) of its founder (Pietro da Morrone / St Peter Celestine) - arrived in France in 1300. After a period of limited growth, they flourished in the region from c.1350: they added thirteen new houses over the next hundred years, taking their total to seventeen by 1450. Not only did the French Celestines expand in this century, they gained a distinctive character that separated them from their Italian brothers. More urban, better connected with both aristocratic and bourgeois society, and yet still rigorous and reformist, they characterised themselves as the 'Observant' wing of their order, having gained self-government for their provincial congregation in 1380 following the arrival of the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). But, as Robert L.J. Shaw argues, their importance runs beyond monastic reform: the late medieval French Celestines are a mirror of the political, intellectual, and Christian reform culture of their place and time. Within a France torn by war and a Church divided by schism, the French Celestines represented hope for renewal, influencing royal presentation, lay religion, and some of the leading French intellectuals of the period, including Jean Gerson. The Celestine monks of France represent one of the least studied monastic reform movements of the late Middle Ages, and yet also one of the most culturally impactful. Their order - an austere Italian Benedictine reform of the late thirteenth century, which came be known after the papal name of their founder, Celestine V (St Peter of Murrone) - arrived in France in 1300. After a period of marginal growth, they flourished in the region from the mid-fourteenth century, founding thirteen new houses over the next hundred years, taking their total to seventeen by 1450. Not only did the French Celestines expand, they gained a distinctive character that separated them from their Italian brothers. More urban, better connected with both aristocratic and bourgeois society, and yet still rigorous and reformist, they characterised themselves as the 'Observant' wing of their order, having gained self-government for their provincial congregation in 1380 following the arrival of the Great Western Schism (1378-1417). But, as Robert L.J. Shaw argues, their importance runs beyond monastic reform: the late medieval French Celestines are a mirror of the political, intellectual, and Christian reform culture of their age. Within a France torn by war and a Church divided by schism, the French Celestines represented hope for renewal, influencing royal presentation, lay religion, and some of the leading French intellectuals of the period, including Jean Gerson Cover 1 Contents 6 Abbreviations 10 Acknowledgements 12 Introduction: The Celestine monks of France and the rise of ‘Observant’ reform 14 Part I The French Celestines in their world 34 1. The Vita of Jean Bassand (c.1360–1445) 36 2. The French Celestine constitutions and their heritage 66 Statute and spirituality in later medieval monastic reform 66 3. The challenges and adaptation of regular observance 118 Part II The world of the French Celestines 164 4. Foundations, benefactions and material maintenance 166 5. The cultural outreach of the French Celestines 212 Epilogue and conclusion 262 Appendix 1 270 Appendix 2 274 Appendix 3 284 Index 288 Maps and Figures 8 Locations of Celestine houses 272 Fig. 1 The Celestine constitutions: the renunciation of St Peter Celestine and introduction. 109 Fig. 2 Entrance to the church at the Celestine house of Paris, including the statues of Charles V, Jeanne de Bourbon and St Peter Celestine. 217 Maps and Figures 7 Abbreviations 9 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction: The Celestine monks of France and the rise of ‘Observant’ reform 13 Part I The French Celestines in their world 1. The Vita of Jean Bassand (c.1360–1445) 35 2. The French Celestine constitutions and their heritage 65 Statute and spirituality in later medieval monastic reform 3. The challenges and adaptation of regular observance 117 Part II The world of the French Celestines 4. Foundations, benefactions and material maintenance 165 5. The cultural outreach of the French Celestines 211 Epilogue and conclusion 261 Appendix 1: Lists and map 269 Appendix 2: Reductions of foundation Masses (beyond anniversary Masses) at the Celestine monastery of Paris, 1414 and 1436 273 Appendix 3: Reduction of foundation Masses (beyond anniversary masses) at the Celestine monastery of Sens, 1414 283 Index 287 The Celestine monks of France represent one of the most unheralded but influential monastic reform movements of the later Middle Ages. This book argues their importance as a mirror of the political, intellectual, and Christian reform culture of their age.

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