The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 3: 20th Century

The third volume of The Cambridge History of Russia provides an authoritative political, intellectual, social and cultural history of the trials and triumphs of Russia and the Soviet Union during the twentieth century. It encompasses not only the ethnically Russian part of the country but also the non-Russian peoples of the tsarist and Soviet multinational states and of the post-Soviet republics. Beginning with the revolutions of the early twentieth century, chapters move through the 1920s to the Stalinist 1930s, World War II, the post-Stalin years and the decline and collapse of the USSR. The contributors attempt to go beyond the divisions that marred the historiography of the USSR during the Cold War to look for new syntheses and understandings. The volume is also the first major undertaking by historians and political scientists to use the new primary and archival sources that have become available since the break-up of the USSR. Cover Page......Page 1 About the Book......Page 2 Title: THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF RUSSIA, Volume III - The Twentieth Century......Page 4 part i RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THE STORY THROUGH TIME......Page 6 part ii RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THEMES AND TRENDS......Page 7 Illustrations......Page 9 Maps......Page 11 Notes on contributors......Page 12 Acknowledgements......Page 15 Note on transliteration and dates......Page 16 Chronology......Page 17 Abbreviations......Page 23 Introduction......Page 26 1 Reading Russia and the Soviet Union in the twentieth century: how the ‘West’ wrote its history of the USSR......Page 30 The prehistory of Soviet history......Page 31 Seeing the future work......Page 37 The ColdWar and professional sovietology......Page 45 The totalitarian model......Page 47 The modernisation paradigm......Page 53 Alternatives......Page 58 From political science to social history......Page 62 The first revisionism: 1917......Page 68 The fate of labour history: from social to cultural......Page 72 The study of Stalinism: the next revisionism......Page 74 From above to below, from centre to periphery......Page 79 Soviet studies in the post-Soviet world......Page 82 RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THE STORY THROUGH TIME......Page 90 History as event......Page 92 The political ideology of autocracy......Page 95 Intellectuals and ideologies of dissent......Page 97 In the public sphere......Page 102 Sacred stories......Page 105 Proletarians......Page 107 In the countryside......Page 111 Nation and empire......Page 114 Fin de si`ecle......Page 118 The outbreak of war......Page 119 Military campaigns: 1914–16......Page 121 The martial law regime and its consequences......Page 122 The nationalisation of the empire......Page 125 The politics of war......Page 129 Revolution and the transformation of war......Page 132 1918, the final year of war: occupation and intervention......Page 136 4 The Revolutions of 1917–1918......Page 139 The aspirations of the masses......Page 144 The politics of war, March to July 1917......Page 147 The peasant revolution......Page 151 Political polarisation......Page 153 The Bolshevik seizure of power......Page 158 The establishment of Bolshevik dictatorship......Page 160 5 The Russian civil war, 1917–1922......Page 165 Overview......Page 168 The Bolshevik party-state......Page 176 Revolution and culture......Page 180 War Communism and Russia’s peasant majority......Page 182 Workers against Bolsheviks......Page 188 Conclusion......Page 191 6 Building a new state and society: NEP, 1921–1928......Page 193 7 Stalinism, 1928–1940......Page 217 Industrialisation, collectivisation and class war......Page 218 The domestic and international contexts......Page 224 Social dynamics and population movements......Page 225 Consolidating Stalin’s revolution: the victory of socialism and the retreat to conservatism......Page 230 Culture and morality in the service of socialism......Page 231 Nationality under Stalin......Page 235 Mass repression, police and the militarised state......Page 237 Conclusion......Page 241 The road to war......Page 242 The eastern front......Page 247 On the edge of collapse......Page 253 Unexpected resilience......Page 254 The Red Army in defeat and victory......Page 259 Government and politics......Page 264 9 Stalin and his circle......Page 268 Rise of the Stalinist faction......Page 270 From oligarchy to dictatorship......Page 274 War years......Page 279 Post-war dictatorship......Page 283 Last years......Page 288 Conclusion......Page 291 10 The Khrushchev period, 1953–1964......Page 293 Personality and history......Page 295 Biography......Page 297 Succession struggle......Page 299 Reforming agriculture......Page 303 Industry and housing......Page 304 Culture......Page 305 The Soviet bloc......Page 308 East–West relations......Page 310 Endgame......Page 313 Overthrow......Page 314 Legacy......Page 316 11 The Brezhnev era......Page 317 The rejection of Khrushchevism......Page 321 Brezhnev’s social contract......Page 325 The rise and decline of d ́etente......Page 330 Brezhnevism in decline, 1976–82......Page 333 12 The Gorbachev era......Page 341 Launching political reform......Page 344 The new freedoms......Page 347 From political reform to systemic transformation......Page 350 The failure of economic reform......Page 356 Ending the ColdWar......Page 361 From pseudo-federation to disintegration......Page 367 13 The Russian Federation......Page 377 Dissolving the Soviet Union......Page 380 The new political system......Page 382 Launching economic transformation......Page 383 The consequences of Yeltsin’s reform sequence and strategy......Page 384 October 1993......Page 386 Chechnya......Page 389 Founding elections: 1993–6......Page 391 The August 1998 financial crisis......Page 396 Renewed political polarisation......Page 399 Invading Chechnya again......Page 401 The end of Yeltsin’s Russia and the beginning of Putin’s Russia......Page 402 Conclusion......Page 404 RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THEMES AND TRENDS......Page 406 14 Economic and demographic change: Russia’s age of economic extremes......Page 408 Great leaps forward (i): late tsarist industrialisation......Page 411 The radical privatisation impulse (i): pre-1917 experiments with land reform......Page 413 The reform impulse in Russian economic history (i): New Economic Policy......Page 415 Great leaps forward (ii): the Five-Year Plans and collectivisation......Page 419 Great leaps forward (iii)......Page 427 The reform impulse in Russian economic history (ii): perestroika......Page 429 The radical privatisation impulse (ii): post-1991 experiments and consequences......Page 431 Conclusions and assessment......Page 434 15 Transforming peasants in the twentieth century: Dilemmas of Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet development......Page 436 Labour, communes, households......Page 437 Breaking the peasant commune (i): Stolypin’s ‘wager on the strong’......Page 440 War and revolution, 1914–17......Page 441 War Communism, 1918–20......Page 442 NEP, 1921–8......Page 444 Breaking the peasant communes (ii): forced collectivisation and the liquidation of the kulaks as a class......Page 445 The SecondWorldWar and its aftermath......Page 451 Post-Stalin: the question of reform......Page 452 The Brezhnev era: stagnation, or deepening contradiction?......Page 454 Perestroika and the further transformation of Russian rural life......Page 458 Post-Soviet rural life: prospects and dilemmas......Page 462 16 Workers and industrialisation......Page 465 Peasants into workers......Page 467 Labour discipline and productivity......Page 473 Enterprise paternalism......Page 483 The end of the Soviet working class......Page 487 17 Women and the state......Page 493 On the eve......Page 494 War and revolution......Page 496 The Bolsheviks seize power......Page 497 Revolution comes to the countryside......Page 502 A great retreat?......Page 504 The SecondWorldWar and its aftermath......Page 508 De-Stalinising the ‘woman question’......Page 511 Gorbachev and after......Page 516 18 Non-Russians in the Soviet Union and after......Page 520 19 The western republics: Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and the Baltics......Page 547 Nation-building in the age of revolution......Page 549 States and nations in the era of mass politics......Page 557 Between Eastern Europe and the Russian core......Page 564 Before the revolution (1901–17)......Page 574 The Bolshevik revolution and its aftermath, 1917–29......Page 577 The great break and the emergence of Stalinist science, 1929–41......Page 580 The SecondWorldWar and the post-war years, 1941–53......Page 586 De-Stalinisation and science 1953–68......Page 591 Disenchantment, 1968–91......Page 597 Science in post-Soviet Russia, 1991–2000......Page 600 Conclusion......Page 602 21 Culture, 1900–1945......Page 604 Conclusion......Page 628 Paralysis, 1945–53......Page 630 The Thaw, 1953–67(?)......Page 635 Stagnation, 1967–85......Page 642 Glasnost’ and the post-Soviet decade, 1985–2000......Page 654 In lieu of a conclusion......Page 660 The October Revolution......Page 661 Standing alone......Page 663 The awakening of the East......Page 666 Revolutionary phrase versus cautious pragmatism......Page 668 Fear of France eclipses the real danger......Page 671 Salvation too late......Page 673 The Popular Front against Fascism......Page 675 The anti-Japanese front......Page 677 The Popular Front collapses, 1939......Page 679 24 Moscow’s foreign policy, 1945–2000: identities, institutions and interests......Page 687 Post-war ambiguity, 1945–7......Page 688 Stalinism’s two camps at home and abroad, 1947–53......Page 692 Difference at home: allies abroad, 1953–6......Page 698 Cold peace at home: cold war abroad, 1957–85......Page 707 Social Democracy at home: normal Great Power abroad, 1985–91......Page 719 Between Europe and the United States, 1992–2000......Page 725 Conclusion......Page 730 Marxism and the class narrative......Page 731 Revolutionary Social Democracy: ‘The merger of socialism and the worker movement’......Page 732 Russian Social Democracy......Page 735 The class narrative in a time of troubles......Page 738 ‘Who-whom’ and the transformation of the countryside......Page 743 From path to treadmill: the next sixty years......Page 748 Bibliography......Page 757 A......Page 818 B......Page 820 C......Page 823 D......Page 828 E......Page 829 F......Page 831 G......Page 833 I......Page 836 J......Page 838 K......Page 839 L......Page 841 M......Page 844 N......Page 847 O......Page 848 P......Page 849 R......Page 853 S......Page 855 T......Page 860 U......Page 862 W......Page 864 Y......Page 866 Z......Page 867 Plates......Page 868 Cover Page 1 About the Book 2 Title: THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF RUSSIA, Volume III - The Twentieth Century 4 Contents (with page links) 6 part i RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THE STORY THROUGH TIME 6 part ii RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THEMES AND TRENDS 7 Illustrations 9 Maps 11 Notes on contributors 12 Acknowledgements 15 Note on transliteration and dates 16 Chronology 17 Abbreviations 23 Introduction 26 1 Reading Russia and the Soviet Union in the twentieth century: how the ‘West’ wrote its history of the USSR 30 The prehistory of Soviet history 31 Seeing the future work 37 The ColdWar and professional sovietology 45 The totalitarian model 47 The modernisation paradigm 53 Alternatives 58 From political science to social history 62 The first revisionism: 1917 68 The fate of labour history: from social to cultural 72 The study of Stalinism: the next revisionism 74 From above to below, from centre to periphery 79 Soviet studies in the post-Soviet world 82 RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THE STORY THROUGH TIME 90 2 Russia’s fin de si`ecle, 1900–1914 92 History as event 92 The political ideology of autocracy 95 Intellectuals and ideologies of dissent 97 In the public sphere 102 Sacred stories 105 Proletarians 107 In the countryside 111 Nation and empire 114 Fin de si`ecle 118 3 The First World War, 1914–1918 119 The outbreak of war 119 Military campaigns: 1914–16 121 The martial law regime and its consequences 122 The nationalisation of the empire 125 The politics of war 129 Revolution and the transformation of war 132 1918, the final year of war: occupation and intervention 136 4 The Revolutions of 1917–1918 139 The aspirations of the masses 144 The politics of war, March to July 1917 147 The peasant revolution 151 Political polarisation 153 The Bolshevik seizure of power 158 The establishment of Bolshevik dictatorship 160 5 The Russian civil war, 1917–1922 165 Overview 168 The Bolshevik party-state 176 Revolution and culture 180 War Communism and Russia’s peasant majority 182 Workers against Bolsheviks 188 Conclusion 191 6 Building a new state and society: NEP, 1921–1928 193 7 Stalinism, 1928–1940 217 Industrialisation, collectivisation and class war 218 The domestic and international contexts 224 Social dynamics and population movements 225 Consolidating Stalin’s revolution: the victory of socialism and the retreat to conservatism 230 Culture and morality in the service of socialism 231 Nationality under Stalin 235 Mass repression, police and the militarised state 237 Conclusion 241 8 Patriotic War, 1941–1945 242 The road to war 242 The eastern front 247 On the edge of collapse 253 Unexpected resilience 254 The Red Army in defeat and victory 259 Government and politics 264 9 Stalin and his circle 268 Rise of the Stalinist faction 270 From oligarchy to dictatorship 274 War years 279 Post-war dictatorship 283 Last years 288 Conclusion 291 10 The Khrushchev period, 1953–1964 293 Personality and history 295 Biography 297 Succession struggle 299 Reforming agriculture 303 Industry and housing 304 Culture 305 The Soviet bloc 308 East–West relations 310 Endgame 313 Overthrow 314 Legacy 316 11 The Brezhnev era 317 The rejection of Khrushchevism 321 Brezhnev’s social contract 325 The rise and decline of d ́etente 330 Brezhnevism in decline, 1976–82 333 12 The Gorbachev era 341 Launching political reform 344 The new freedoms 347 From political reform to systemic transformation 350 The failure of economic reform 356 Ending the ColdWar 361 From pseudo-federation to disintegration 367 13 The Russian Federation 377 Dissolving the Soviet Union 380 The new political system 382 Launching economic transformation 383 The consequences of Yeltsin’s reform sequence and strategy 384 October 1993 386 Chechnya 389 Founding elections: 1993–6 391 The August 1998 financial crisis 396 Renewed political polarisation 399 Invading Chechnya again 401 The end of Yeltsin’s Russia and the beginning of Putin’s Russia 402 Conclusion 404 RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION: THEMES AND TRENDS 406 14 Economic and demographic change: Russia’s age of economic extremes 408 Great leaps forward (i): late tsarist industrialisation 411 The radical privatisation impulse (i): pre-1917 experiments with land reform 413 The reform impulse in Russian economic history (i): New Economic Policy 415 Great leaps forward (ii): the Five-Year Plans and collectivisation 419 Great leaps forward (iii) 427 The reform impulse in Russian economic history (ii): perestroika 429 The radical privatisation impulse (ii): post-1991 experiments and consequences 431 Conclusions and assessment 434 15 Transforming peasants in the twentieth century: Dilemmas of Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet development 436 Labour, communes, households 437 Breaking the peasant commune (i): Stolypin’s ‘wager on the strong’ 440 War and revolution, 1914–17 441 War Communism, 1918–20 442 NEP, 1921–8 444 Breaking the peasant communes (ii): forced collectivisation and the liquidation of the kulaks as a class 445 The SecondWorldWar and its aftermath 451 Post-Stalin: the question of reform 452 The Brezhnev era: stagnation, or deepening contradiction? 454 Perestroika and the further transformation of Russian rural life 458 Post-Soviet rural life: prospects and dilemmas 462 16 Workers and industrialisation 465 Peasants into workers 467 Labour discipline and productivity 473 Enterprise paternalism 483 The end of the Soviet working class 487 17 Women and the state 493 On the eve 494 War and revolution 496 The Bolsheviks seize power 497 Revolution comes to the countryside 502 A great retreat? 504 The SecondWorldWar and its aftermath 508 De-Stalinising the ‘woman question’ 511 Gorbachev and after 516 18 Non-Russians in the Soviet Union and after 520 19 The western republics: Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and the Baltics 547 Nation-building in the age of revolution 549 States and nations in the era of mass politics 557 Between Eastern Europe and the Russian core 564 20 Science, technology and modernity 574 Before the revolution (1901–17) 574 The Bolshevik revolution and its aftermath, 1917–29 577 The great break and the emergence of Stalinist science, 1929–41 580 The SecondWorldWar and the post-war years, 1941–53 586 De-Stalinisation and science 1953–68 591 Disenchantment, 1968–91 597 Science in post-Soviet Russia, 1991–2000 600 Conclusion 602 21 Culture, 1900–1945 604 Conclusion 628 22 The politics of culture, 1945–2000 630 Paralysis, 1945–53 630 The Thaw, 1953–67(?) 635 Stagnation, 1967–85 642 Glasnost’ and the post-Soviet decade, 1985–2000 654 In lieu of a conclusion 660 23 Comintern and Soviet foreign policy, 1919–1941 661 The October Revolution 661 Standing alone 663 The awakening of the East 666 Revolutionary phrase versus cautious pragmatism 668 Fear of France eclipses the real danger 671 Salvation too late 673 The Popular Front against Fascism 675 The anti-Japanese front 677 The Popular Front collapses, 1939 679 24 Moscow’s foreign policy, 1945–2000: identities, institutions and interests 687 Post-war ambiguity, 1945–7 688 Stalinism’s two camps at home and abroad, 1947–53 692 Difference at home: allies abroad, 1953–6 698 Cold peace at home: cold war abroad, 1957–85 707 Social Democracy at home: normal Great Power abroad, 1985–91 719 Between Europe and the United States, 1992–2000 725 Conclusion 730 25 The Soviet Union and the road to communism 731 Marxism and the class narrative 731 Revolutionary Social Democracy: ‘The merger of socialism and the worker movement’ 732 Russian Social Democracy 735 The class narrative in a time of troubles 738 ‘Who-whom’ and the transformation of the countryside 743 From path to treadmill: the next sixty years 748 Bibliography 757 Index (with page links) 818 A 818 B 820 C 823 D 828 E 829 F 831 G 833 H 836 I 836 J 838 K 839 L 841 M 844 N 847 O 848 P 849 R 853 S 855 T 860 U 862 V 864 W 864 X 866 Y 866 Z 867 Plates 868